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It is frequently seen as a cognitive process that affects behavior. In Bernhardt et al.'s study published in 1998, [11] researchers examined physiological processes related to BIRGing, specifically, changes in the production of endocrine hormones. Fans watched their favorite sports teams (basketball and soccer) win or lose.
The information they hear may have a negative psychological impact on the person even though they did not experience the trauma themselves. [6] Research on vicarious trauma has focused on how mental health providers, medical workers, and first responders respond to the trauma they hear about in their everyday work experiences.
Social learning theory is a theory of social behavior that proposes that new behaviors can be acquired by observing and imitating others. It states that learning is a cognitive process that takes place in a social context and can occur purely through observation or direct instruction, even in the absence of motor reproduction or direct reinforcement. [1]
There are various examples whereby the social phenomenon of vicariousness may be observed. These include for instance, stage parents, some of whom may try to live out their dream career through their offspring. [2] Such attempts of vicarious behavior has been noted by some analysts as having negative consequences. [3]
Vicarious cognitive dissonance was first proposed and demonstrated in a series of three closely related studies by Norton et al. (2003). [3] Drawing upon social identity theory, the researchers tested the hypothesis that dissonance could be felt through witnessing attitude-discrepant behavior from an in-group member that one identifies with.
Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology is a peer-reviewed academic journal published by the American Psychological Association. The journal was established in 2011 and covers research "that supports the application of psychological principles to facilitate peak sport performance, enhance physical activity participation, and achieve optimal ...
The theory shows how new behavior diffuses through society through psychosocial factors governing the acquisition and adoption of the behavior. [10] In 2011, Bandura published a book chapter The Social and Policy Impact of Social Cognitive Theory to extend SCT's application in health promotion and urgent global issues, which provides insight ...
In a similar vein, vicarious contact involves simply observing an ingroup member interact with an outgroup member. [38] For example, positive media portrayals of intergroup interactions on television and radio, also known as the parasocial contact hypothesis, have the potential to reduce the prejudice of millions of viewers and listeners. [39]