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In the Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology, Michael Gaenzle writes: "One of the oldest sourdough breads dates from 3700 BCE and was excavated in Switzerland, but the origin of sourdough fermentation likely relates to the origin of agriculture in the Fertile Crescent and Egypt several thousand years earlier", [3] and "Bread production relied on the use of sourdough as a leavening agent for most ...
Salt-rising (or salt-risen) bread is a dense white bread that is traditional in the Appalachian Mountains, leavened by naturally occurring wild bacteria rather than by yeast. [1] [2] [3] Salt-rising bread is made from wheat flour; a starter consisting of either water or milk and corn [4] potatoes, [5] or wheat; and minor ingredients such as ...
Regular bread is made with commercial or baker's yeast (a species of fungi called Saccharomyces cerevisiae), which allows the bread to rise, Josephine Wee, Ph.D., an assistant professor of food ...
Charred crumbs of "unleavened flat bread-like products" made by Natufian hunter-gatherers, likely from wild wheat, wild barley and tubers between 11,600 and 14,600 years ago have been found at the archaeological site of Shubayqa 1 in the Black Desert in Jordan. These remains predate the earliest-known making of bread from cultivated wheat by ...
Ancient Roman bread was typically made from sourdough. White raised bread was preferred over unleavened bread; the latter was associated with the lower classes. Sourdough bread was made by mixing flour with water, and leaving the mix in the open air, to be colonised by wild, airborne yeasts.
The breakthrough in chemical leavening agents occurred in the 1930s with the introduction of monocalcium phosphates (Ca(H 2 PO 4) 2). Other leavening agents developed include sodium aluminium sulfate (NaAl(SO 4) 2 ·12H 2 O), disodium pyrophosphate (Na 2 H 2 P 2 O 7), and sodium aluminium phosphates (NaH 14 Al 3 (PO 4) 8 ·4H 2 O and Na 3 H 15 ...
Bread may be leavened by naturally occurring microbes (e.g. sourdough), chemicals (e.g. baking soda), industrially produced yeast, or high-pressure aeration, which creates the gas bubbles that fluff up bread. In many countries, commercial bread often contains additives to improve flavor, texture, color, shelf life, nutrition, and ease of ...
Cooking Performance: The best Dutch ovens excel at a wide range of cooking tasks, from braising meat to baking bread. To test each pot’s cooking abilities, we used it for three key tasks: high ...