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Definition, limitations and context. One usable definition is: "Misuse of Statistics: Using numbers in such a manner that – either by intent or through ignorance or carelessness – the conclusions are unjustified or incorrect." [1] The "numbers" include misleading graphics discussed in other sources. The term is not commonly encountered in ...
History of statistics. Statistics, in the modern sense of the word, began evolving in the 18th century in response to the novel needs of industrializing sovereign states. In early times, the meaning was restricted to information about states, particularly demographics such as population. This was later extended to include all collections of ...
George Box. The phrase "all models are wrong" was first attributed to George Box in a 1976 paper published in the Journal of the American Statistical Association.In the paper, Box uses the phrase to refer to the limitations of models, arguing that while no model is ever completely accurate, simpler models can still provide valuable insights if applied judiciously. [2]
The foundations of statistics are the mathematical and philosophical bases for statistical methods. These bases are theoretical frameworks that ground and justify methods of statistical inference, estimation, hypothesis testing, uncertainty quantification, and the interpretation of statistical conclusions. Further, a foundation can be used to ...
Statistics (from German: Statistik, orig. "description of a state, a country") [1][2] is the discipline that concerns the collection, organization, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of data. [3][4][5] In applying statistics to a scientific, industrial, or social problem, it is conventional to begin with a statistical population or a ...
Statistical literacy is the ability to understand and reason with statistics and data. The abilities to understand and reason with data, or arguments that use data, are necessary for citizens to understand material presented in publications such as newspapers, television, and the Internet. However, scientists also need to develop statistical ...
Method of moments (statistics) In statistics, the method of moments is a method of estimation of population parameters. The same principle is used to derive higher moments like skewness and kurtosis. It starts by expressing the population moments (i.e., the expected values of powers of the random variable under consideration) as functions of ...
Statistical conclusion validity is the degree to which conclusions about the relationship among variables based on the data are correct or "reasonable". This began as being solely about whether the statistical conclusion about the relationship of the variables was correct, but now there is a movement towards moving to "reasonable" conclusions that use: quantitative, statistical, and ...