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  2. Postpositivism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postpositivism

    Postpositivism or postempiricism is a metatheoretical stance that critiques and amends positivism [1] and has impacted theories and practices across philosophy, social sciences, and various models of scientific inquiry. While positivists emphasize independence between the researcher and the researched person (or object), postpositivists argue ...

  3. Philosophy of science - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_science

    Philosophy of science focuses on metaphysical, epistemic and semantic aspects of scientific practice, and overlaps with metaphysics, ontology, logic, and epistemology, for example, when it explores the relationship between science and the concept of truth. Philosophy of science is both a theoretical and empirical discipline, relying on ...

  4. Ontology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology

    Ontology. Ontology is the philosophical study of being. As one of the most fundamental concepts, being encompasses all of reality and every entity within it. To articulate the basic structure of being, ontology examines what all entities have in common and how they are divided into fundamental classes, known as categories.

  5. Wolfgang Smith - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Smith

    Wolfgang Smith. Wolfgang Smith (February 18, 1930 – July 19, 2024) was an Austrian mathematician, physicist, philosopher of science, metaphysician, and member of the Traditionalist School. He wrote extensively in the field of differential geometry, as a critic of scientism and as a proponent of a new interpretation of quantum mechanics that ...

  6. Constructivism (philosophy of science) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructivism_(philosophy...

    Constructivism is a view in the philosophy of science that maintains that scientific knowledge is constructed by the scientific community, which seeks to measure and construct models of the natural world. According to constructivists, natural science consists of mental constructs that aim to explain sensory experiences and measurements, and ...

  7. Subjectivity and objectivity (philosophy) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjectivity_and...

    The root of the words subjectivity and objectivity are subject and object, philosophical terms that mean, respectively, an observer and a thing being observed.The word subjectivity comes from subject in a philosophical sense, meaning an individual who possesses unique conscious experiences, such as perspectives, feelings, beliefs, and desires, [1] [3] or who (consciously) acts upon or wields ...

  8. Naturalism (philosophy) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)

    In Quine's view, philosophy is "continuous with" science, and both are empirical. [56] Naturalism is not a dogmatic belief that the modern view of science is entirely correct. Instead, it simply holds that science is the best way to explore the processes of the universe and that those processes are what modern science is striving to understand ...

  9. E. J. Lowe - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._J._Lowe

    Notable ideas. Dualistic interactionism. Edward Jonathan Lowe (/ loʊ /; 24 March 1950 – 5 January 2014), usually cited as E. J. Lowe but known personally as Jonathan Lowe, was a British philosopher and academic. He was Professor of Philosophy at Durham University. [2] He defended non-Cartesian dualism. [3][4]