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Edward Chace Tolman (April 14, 1886 – November 19, 1959) was an American psychologist and a professor of psychology at the University of California, Berkeley. [1] [2] Through Tolman's theories and works, he founded what is now a branch of psychology known as purposive behaviorism.
In these experiments, Tolman was looking at how the reinforcement in the trials contributed to the rat learning their way through the maze and to the food with fewer errors. [2] Tolman's evaluation of these experiments led to his theory of latent learning .
In later years, O'Keefe and Nadel attributed Tolman's research to the hippocampus, stating that it was the key to the rat's mental representation of its surroundings. This observation furthered research in this area and consequently much of hippocampus activity is explained through cognitive map making.
Tolman showed that behavior is goal directed and not controlled by random drives and reinforcement. Tolman used maze experiments with rats to show that rats can learn without reinforcement and are better understood as directed by goals and driven by cognitive expectancies. This finding provided a serious challenge to much of Hull's learning theory.
Behaviorism is a systematic approach to understand the behavior of humans and other animals. [1] [2] It assumes that behavior is either a reflex elicited by the pairing of certain antecedent stimuli in the environment, or a consequence of that individual's history, including especially reinforcement and punishment contingencies, together with the individual's current motivational state and ...
The cognitive theory mainly emphasizes the major tasks of the teacher / designer and includes analyzing various learning experiences to the learning situation, which can impact learning outcomes of different individuals. Organizing and structuring the new information to connect the learners' previously acquired knowledge abilities and experiences.
Not only a matter of education - HuffPost ... level. ...
Stone & Nyswander 1927, "The Reliability of Rat Learning Scores from the Multiple-T Maze as Determined by Four Different Methods" Tolman & Jeffress 1925, "A Self-Recording Maze" Tolman & Nyswander 1927, "The Reliability and Validity of Maze-Measures for Rats" Tolman 1924, "The Inheritance of Maze-Learning Ability in Rats"