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Larger organizations generally have three hierarchical levels of managers, [1] [need quotation to verify] organized in a pyramid structure: . Senior management roles include the board of directors and a chief executive officer (CEO) or a president of an organization.
Business performance management (BPM) (also known as corporate performance management (CPM) [2] enterprise performance management (EPM), [3] [4] organizational performance management, or performance management) is a management approach which encompasses a set of processes and analytical tools to ensure that an organization's activities and output are aligned with its goals.
The managerial grid model or managerial grid theory (1964) is a model, developed by Robert R. Blake and Jane Mouton, of leadership styles. [1]This model originally identified five different leadership styles based on the concern for people and the concern for production.
Managerial economics is a branch of economics involving the application of economic methods in the organizational decision-making process. [1] Economics is the study of the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.
A Master of Business Administration (MBA also Master in Business Administration) is a professional postgraduate degree focused on business administration. [1] The core courses in an MBA program cover various areas of business administration; elective courses may allow further study in a particular area but an MBA is normally intended to be a general program.
[9] [10] On 28 September 1970 PNKA was changed to Perusahaan Jawatan Kereta Api (PJKA, the Railway Service Corporation). [11] Much of the branch lines constructed in the colonial era were lifted up or abandoned in the 1980s. Railway operations in Indonesia were at one time regulated by Act No. 13 of 1992 on Railways.