Search results
Results From The WOW.Com Content Network
There are no inherent limitations on the number of variables, parameters etc. Lyap which includes source code written in Fortran, can also calculate the Lyapunov direction vectors and can characterize the singularity of the attractor, which is the main reason for difficulties in calculating the more negative exponents from time series data.
Exponentiation with negative exponents is defined by the following identity, which holds for any integer n and nonzero b: =. [1] Raising 0 to a negative exponent is undefined but, in some circumstances, it may be interpreted as infinity (). [26]
If the exponent n is zero then the answer is 1. If the exponent is negative then we can reuse the previous formula by rewriting the value using a positive exponent. That is, = (). Together, these may be implemented directly as the following recursive algorithm:
One of the simplest definitions is: The exponential function is the unique differentiable function that equals its derivative, and takes the value 1 for the value 0 of its variable. This "conceptual" definition requires a uniqueness proof and an existence proof, but it allows an easy derivation of the main properties of the exponential function.
(For most purposes, the value of 8 for m is sufficient.) In fact, if this method is used, Newton inversion of the natural logarithm may conversely be used to calculate the exponential function efficiently. (The constants and π can be pre-computed to the desired precision using any of several known quickly converging series
The most direct method of calculating a modular exponent is to calculate b e directly, then to take this number modulo m. Consider trying to compute c, given b = 4, e = 13, and m = 497: c ≡ 4 13 (mod 497) One could use a calculator to compute 4 13; this comes out to 67,108,864. Taking this value modulo 497, the answer c is determined to be 445.
In normalized notation, the exponent n is negative for a number with absolute value between 0 and 1 (e.g. 0.5 is written as 5 × 10 −1). The 10 and exponent are often omitted when the exponent is 0.
The zeta function values listed below include function values at the negative even numbers (s = −2, −4, etc.), for which ζ(s) = 0 and which make up the so-called trivial zeros. The Riemann zeta function article includes a colour plot illustrating how the function varies over a continuous rectangular region of the complex plane.