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X-inefficiency is a concept used in economics to describe instances where firms go through internal inefficiency resulting in higher production costs than required for a given output. This inefficiency can result from various factors, such as outdated technology, inefficient production processes, poor management, and lack of competition, and it ...
Harvey Leibenstein (1922 – February 28, 1994) was a Ukrainian-born American economist.One of his most important contributions to economics was the concept of X-inefficiency and the critical minimum effort thesis in development economics.
The O grade was equivalent to a GCE Ordinary Level pass which indicated a performance equivalent to the lowest pass grade at Ordinary Level.. Over time, the validity of this system was questioned because, rather than reflecting a standard, norm referencing simply maintained a specific proportion of candidates at each grade, which in small cohorts was subject to statistical fluctuations in ...
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AS Level only; expired in 2011 CIE 8287: English Language (US) available in the US only under the BES pilot; AS Level only; available from 2013 CIE 8290: Environmental Science: AS Level only CIE 8291: Environmental Management: AS Level only CIE 8436: Thinking Skills: AS Level only; expired in 2007 CIE 8660: Research Project: AS Level only CIE ...
Stochastic frontier analysis has examined also "cost" and "profit" efficiency. [2] The "cost frontier" approach attempts to measure how far from full-cost minimization (i.e. cost-efficiency) is the firm. Modeling-wise, the non-negative cost-inefficiency component is added rather than subtracted in the stochastic specification.
The A-level (Advanced Level) is a subject-based qualification conferred as part of the General Certificate of Education, as well as a school leaving qualification offered by the educational bodies in the United Kingdom and the educational authorities of British Crown dependencies to students completing secondary or pre-university education. [1]
This type of inefficiency says that we could be organizing people or production processes more effectively. Often problems of "morale" or "bureaucratic inertia" cause X-inefficiency. Productive inefficiency, resource-market inefficiency, and X-inefficiency might be analyzed using data envelopment analysis and similar methods.