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A paraganglioma is a rare neuroendocrine neoplasm that may develop at various body sites (including the head, neck, thorax and abdomen). When the same type of tumor is found in the adrenal gland, they are referred to as a pheochromocytoma .
Patients with a paraganglioma are more likely to develop metastases than those with a pheochromocytoma. [134] The most common extra-adrenal sites of metastases are the lymph nodes , lung , liver , and bone . [ 135 ]
In malignant tumors, complete resection is the only known curative treatment (with a sufficiently wide margin or even amputation to improve prognosis). [12] For larger lesions or those with a more aggressive histology, adjuvant radiation is recommended. Novel or combination therapies that are the focus of ongoing clinical trials are highly ...
Adrenal pheochromocytomas are usually benign while extra-adrenal ones are more malignant. [3] They are most of the time in the adrenals, and only rarely outside of the abdomen. They usually secrete hormones and estimates of a familial history vary. [1] [2] Nonchromaffin paragangliomas are usually benign. [3]
The majority of glomus tumors are benign, but they can also show malignant features. [4] Glomus tumors were first described by Hoyer in 1877 while the first complete clinical description was given by Masson in 1924. [5] Histologically, glomus tumors are made up of an afferent arteriole, anastomotic vessel, and collecting venule. Glomus tumors ...
Treatments may be aimed at curing the disease or at relieving symptoms . Observation may be feasible for non-functioning low-grade neuroendocrine tumors. If the tumor is locally advanced or has metastasized, but is nonetheless slowly growing, treatment that relieves symptoms may often be preferred over immediate challenging surgeries.
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