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A History of Police in England and Wales. Griffiths, Paul (2010). Lost Londons Change, Crime, and Control in the Capital City, 1550-1660. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521174114. Delbrück, Hans (1990). Renfroe, Walter J. Jr, ed. Medieval Warfare. History of the Art of War 3. ISBN 0-8032-6585-9.
Starting about 27 BC, Augustus added a police function to the Vigiles to counterbalance the urban mobs that had run rampant during the latter days of the Republic. [12] In addition to extinguishing fires, the Vigiles were the nightwatch of Rome. [6] [13] Their duties included apprehending thieves and robbers [14] and capturing runaway slaves.
The English police: A political and social history (2014). Lyman, J.L. "The Metropolitan Police Act of 1829: An Analysis of Certain Events Influencing the Passage and Character of the Metropolitan Police Act in England," Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Science (1964) 55#1 pp. 141–154 online; Taylor, James.
In late medieval Italian cities, police forces were known as berovierri. Individually, their members were known as birri. Subordinate to the city's podestà, the berovierri were responsible for guarding the cities and their suburbs, patrolling, and the pursuit and arrest of criminals. They were typically hired on short-term contracts, usually ...
Edo period wood block print showing police wearing chain armour under their kimono, and using jitte, sasumata, sodegarami, and tsukubo to capture criminals on a roof top. In feudal Japan, individual military and citizens groups were primarily responsible for self-defense until the unification of Japan by Tokugawa Ieyasu in 1603.
Their primary function was foot patrols in their own neighbourhoods, whilst some were given greater range. Their work on the ground included all manner of police work. The Parish Constable in the Scotch Corner area of Richmond, North Yorkshire, patrolled seven villages and hamlets by using both private and police vehicles as and when available.
Most notable medieval mercenaries fell into the 'sergeant' class, such as Flemish crossbowmen and spearmen, who were seen as reliable quality troops. The sergeant class were deemed to be 'worth half of a knight' in military value. The office originated in medieval England to serve the sovereign in a police role, much like a bailiff in more ...
Modern sasumata man catcher used by riot police in Japan. While other man catchers are no longer in use, the sasumata (described above) currently has modern variants that are semi-flexible, with padding, blunt endpoints, and other slightly modified geometry, designed to significantly reduce the chance of injury to restrained civilians.