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Visual or vision impairment (VI or VIP) is the partial or total inability of visual perception.In the absence of treatment such as corrective eyewear, assistive devices, and medical treatment, visual impairment may cause the individual difficulties with normal daily tasks, including reading and walking. [6]
Blindsight is the ability of people who are cortically blind to respond to visual stimuli that they do not consciously see due to lesions in the primary visual cortex, also known as the striate cortex or Brodmann Area 17. [1] The term was coined by Lawrence Weiskrantz and his colleagues in a paper published in a 1974 issue of Brain. [2]
Orientation and Mobility training began after World War II when techniques were developed to help blind veterans of the war. Soldiers who had been blinded in battle were sent to recuperate at Valley Forge General Hospital before entering Avon Old Farms Convalescent Hospital, the U.S. Army's former experimental rehabilitation center for blind soldiers in Avon, Connecticut. [2]
A person might be born deaf and become blind at a later stage in life, or vice versa. In any given case of deafblindness, many possible onsets and causes of this condition exist; some happen gradually, others happen unexpectedly and suddenly. [ 9 ]
The first school for blind adults was founded in 1866 at Worcester and was called the College for the Blind Sons of Gentlemen. Georgia Academy for the Blind, Macon, Georgia, US, circa 1876. In 1889 the Edgerton Commission published a report that recommended that the blind should receive compulsory education from the age of 5–16 years.
A long cane, the primary mobility tool for the visually impaired. A white cane is a device used by many people who are blind or visually impaired.A white cane primarily allows its user to scan their surroundings for obstacles or orientation marks, but is also helpful for onlookers in identifying the user as blind or visually impaired and taking appropriate care.
Some people consider it best to use person-first language, for example "a person with a disability" rather than "a disabled person." [1] However identity-first language, as in "autistic person" or "deaf person", is preferred by many people and organizations. [2] Language can influence individuals' perception of disabled people and disability. [3]
A blind woman learns to use her guide dog in a test environment. Guide dogs (colloquially known in the US as seeing-eye dogs [1]) are assistance dogs trained to lead blind or visually impaired people around obstacles. Although dogs can be trained to navigate various obstacles, they are red–green colour blind and incapable of interpreting ...