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Lipid peroxidation, or lipid oxidation, is a complex chemical process that leads to oxidative degradation of lipids, [1] resulting in the formation of peroxide and hydroperoxide derivatives. [2] It occurs when free radicals , specifically reactive oxygen species (ROS), interact with lipids within cell membranes , typically polyunsaturated fatty ...
Deuterium-reinforced lipids can be used for protecting living cells by slowing the chain reaction of lipid peroxidation. [1] The lipid bilayer of the cell and organelle membranes contain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are key components of cell and organelle membranes. Any process that either increases oxidation of PUFAs or hinders their ...
Glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPx4) has a high preference for lipid hydroperoxides; it is expressed in nearly every mammalian cell, though at much lower levels. Glutathione peroxidase 2 is an intestinal and extracellular enzyme, while glutathione peroxidase 3 is extracellular, especially abundant in plasma. [ 4 ]
It has been claimed [by whom?] that the α-tocopherol form is the most important lipid-soluble antioxidant, and that it protects membranes from oxidation by reacting with lipid radicals produced in the lipid peroxidation chain reaction. [92] [95] This removes the free radical intermediates and prevents the propagation reaction from continuing.
Alpha-tocopherol is a fat-soluble antioxidant functioning within the glutathione peroxidase pathway, [15] and protecting cell membranes from oxidation by reacting with lipid radicals produced in the lipid peroxidation chain reaction. [3] [16] This removes the free radical intermediates and prevents the oxidation reaction from continuing.
[12] [13] The electron-donating alkyl groups on the ortho and para positions of BHT increase the electron density of the phenolic hydroxyl moiety through the inductive effect and the hyperconjugation effect, [14] reduce the bond dissociation energy of the phenolic hydroxyl group, and enhance its reactivity to lipid free radicals.
Oxidative stress mechanisms in tissue injury. Free radical toxicity induced by xenobiotics and the subsequent detoxification by cellular enzymes (termination).. Oxidative stress reflects an imbalance between the systemic manifestation of reactive oxygen species and a biological system's ability to readily detoxify the reactive intermediates or to repair the resulting damage. [1]
The hydroperoxides can then undergo a number of possible homolytic reactions to generate more radicals, [8] giving an accelerating reaction. As the concentration of radicals increases chain termination reactions become more important, these reduce the number of radicals by radical disproportionation or combination, leading to a sigmoid reaction ...