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The Elk was selected as a symbol for the organization because it is a herd animal that is native to America that is large and strong, yet graceful and fleet of foot. [9] It was viewed as a noble animal. [10] The head of a male elk was used on the fraternity's original badge and emblem. [9] The Elks' colors are royal purple and white. [11]
Like other fraternal associations in the United States, both black and white, the Improved Elks have been dealing with declining membership as older members die. Younger people face a different world, and seem less inclined to join such associations that purposefully discriminated against women and also require religious belief.
Black Elk came from a long lineage of medicine men and healers. His father was a medicine man, as were his paternal uncles. Black Elk was born into an Oglala Lakota family in December 1863 along the Little Powder River (at a site thought to be in the present-day state of Wyoming).
Further records were made in the early 20th century, primarily by Black Elk, an Oglála holy man who dictated his beliefs to both John G. Neihardt and Joseph Epes Brown; [398] these were first published as Black Elk Speaks in 1932. [399]
The red road is a modern English-language concept of the right path of life, as inspired by some of the beliefs found in a variety of Native American spiritual teachings. The term is used primarily in the Pan-Indian and New Age communities, [1] [2] [3] and rarely among traditional Indigenous people, [2] [3] who have terms in their own languages for their spiritual ways. [4]
The Lakota medicine man Black Elk described himself as a heyoka, saying he had been visited as a child by the thunder beings. [5] A survivor of the Wounded Knee Massacre , Black Elk toured with Buffalo Bill's Wild West in Europe and discussed his religious views, visions, and events in a series of interviews with poet John Neihardt , collected ...
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In 1947, three years before Black Elk's death, Brown lived with the Lakota Sioux holy man for a year while recording his account of the "seven rites of the Oglala Sioux". Black Elk had requested that the book, The Sacred Pipe, be created so that the beliefs of his people could be preserved and become more fully understood by both Native ...