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The evolution of the FIDO2-WebAuthn family of protocol standards. The U2F 1.0 Proposed Standard (October 9, 2014) was the starting point for the specification known as FIDO 2.0 Proposed Standard (September 4, 2015). The latter was formally submitted to the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) on November 12, 2015. [5]
Universal 2nd Factor (U2F) is an open standard that strengthens and simplifies two-factor authentication (2FA) using specialized Universal Serial Bus (USB), near-field communication (NFC), or Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) devices based on similar security technology found in smart cards.
An authenticator that implements CTAP2 is called a FIDO2 authenticator (also called a WebAuthn authenticator). If that authenticator implements CTAP1/U2F as well, it is backward compatible with U2F. The protocol uses the CBOR binary data serialization format. The standard was adopted as ITU-T Recommendation X.1278. [6] [1]
[1] [2] [3] WebAuthn is a core component of the FIDO2 Project under the guidance of the FIDO Alliance. [4] The goal of the project is to standardize an interface for authenticating users to web-based applications and services using public-key cryptography .
First YubiKey USB token of the FIDO standard in 2014. The YubiKey is a hardware authentication device manufactured by Yubico to protect access to computers, networks, and online services that supports one-time passwords (OTP), public-key cryptography, authentication, and the Universal 2nd Factor (U2F) and FIDO2 protocols [1] developed by the FIDO Alliance.
Depending on the features, the key costs $25-$35, [2] but Google has provided them for free to high-risk users. [3] It is considered a more secure form of multi-factor authentication to log in to first-party and third-party services and to enroll in Google's advanced protection program.
2 Capital Punishment, 2010 - Statistical Tables Four states revised capital statutes in 2010 At yearend 2010, the death penalty was authorized by 36 states and the federal government (table 1). While New Mexico repealed the death penalty in 2009 (Laws 2009, ch. 11 § 5), the repeal was not retroactive. As of December 31,
Also called resource cost advantage. The ability of a party (whether an individual, firm, or country) to produce a greater quantity of a good, product, or service than competitors using the same amount of resources. absorption The total demand for all final marketed goods and services by all economic agents resident in an economy, regardless of the origin of the goods and services themselves ...