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Neodymium is a chemical element; it has symbol Nd and atomic number 60. ... Neodymium was discovered in 1885 by the Austrian chemist Carl Auer von Welsbach, ...
Carl Auer von Welsbach (1 September 1858 – 4 August 1929), [3] who received the Austrian noble title of Freiherr Auer von Welsbach in 1901, [4] [5] was an Austrian scientist and inventor, who separated didymium into the elements neodymium and praseodymium in 1885.
A neodymium magnet (also known as NdFeB, NIB or Neo magnet) is a permanent magnet made from an alloy of neodymium, iron, and boron to form the Nd 2 Fe 14 B tetragonal crystalline structure. [1] They are the most widely used type of rare-earth magnet .
He later became professor of general and agricultural chemistry. In 1874 he theorised that didymium was in fact two elements; this theory was confirmed in 1885 when Carl Auer von Welsbach discovered neodymium and praseodymium. In 1879 Cleve discovered holmium and thulium. [3]
Rare earths were mainly discovered as components of minerals. The term "rare" refers to these rarely found minerals and "earth" comes from an old name for oxides, the chemical form for these elements in the mineral. [16]: 5 A mineral discovered by Lieutenant Carl Axel Arrhenius in 1787 at a quarry in the village of Ytterby, Sweden.
Ancient people learned about magnetism from lodestones (or magnetite) which are naturally magnetized pieces of iron ore.The word magnet was adopted in Middle English from Latin magnetum "lodestone", ultimately from Greek μαγνῆτις [λίθος] (magnētis [lithos]) [1] meaning "[stone] from Magnesia", [2] a place in Anatolia where lodestones were found (today Manisa in modern-day Turkey).
Moser also blended praseodymium with neodymium to produce "Heliolite" glass ("Heliolit" in German), which was more widely accepted. The first enduring commercial use of purified praseodymium, which continues today, is in the form of a yellow-orange "Praseodymium Yellow" stain for ceramics, which is a solid solution in the zircon lattice.
Neodymium-147 can be obtained either by bombarding enriched neodymium-146 with thermal neutrons [58] or by bombarding a uranium carbide target with energetic protons in a particle accelerator. [59] Another method is to bombard uranium-238 with fast neutrons to cause fast fission , which, among multiple reaction products, creates promethium-147.