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He regarded Qin as the "Roman" state of China because Qin similarly founded a universal empire in its world. The First Emperor of the unified China, Hwang-ti assumed the title "Shi," literally the equivalent to "Augustus." He began to build the Chinese Limes, the Great Wall. Both fortifications protected against the barbarian. [2]
Battle of Zama Part of the Second Punic War Date 202 BC Location Zama, North Africa (near modern Siliana, Tunisia) Result Roman victory Belligerents Rome Carthage Commanders and leaders Publius Cornelius Scipio Hannibal Strength c. 30,000 c. 24,000 infantry c. 6,000 cavalry 40,000 or 50,000 36,000 or 46,000 infantry 4,000 cavalry 80 war elephants Casualties and losses At least 1,500 killed ...
The Seleucids were much stronger than the Macedonians had ever been, given that they controlled much of the former Persian Empire, and by this point had almost entirely reassembled Alexander the Great's former empire. [22] Fearing the worst, the Romans began a major mobilization, all but pulling out of recently pacified Spain and Gaul. [22]
The objections fall under two broad headings: (1) The Roman empire did not have the intelligence and planning capacity to sustain a "grand strategy" and in any case was not defensive in ideology or policy. [10] (2) Defence-in-depth is not, in the main, consistent with the literary and archaeological evidence. [11]
The infantry line was near equal to the Romans' in length as, although Pyrrhus had a small advantage in number, the phalanx was by design deeper than the legion. The phalanxes made seven attacks, but failed to pierce the legion. It had met a foe that was stronger than any it had ever encountered.
The term late Roman army is often used to include the East Roman army. The army of the Principate underwent a significant transformation, as a result of the chaotic 3rd century . Unlike the Principate army, the army of the 4th century was heavily dependent on conscription and its soldiers were more poorly remunerated than in the 2nd century.
Octavian, the grandnephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar, had made himself a central military figure during the chaotic period following Caesar's assassination.In 43 BC, at the age of twenty, he became one of the three members of the Second Triumvirate, a political alliance with Marcus Lepidus and Mark Antony. [16]
Coin of Pescennius Niger, a Roman usurper who claimed imperial power AD 193–194. Legend: IMP CAES C PESC NIGER IVST AVG. While the imperial government of the Roman Empire was rarely called into question during its five centuries in the west and fifteen centuries in the east, individual emperors often faced unending challenges in the form of usurpation and perpetual civil wars. [30]