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The average daily summertime temperature of the black roof surface was 75 °C (167 °F), but once retrofitted with a white reflective surface, it measured 52 °C (126 °F). Without considering any tax benefits or other utility charges, annual energy expenditures were reduced by $7,200 or $0.07/square foot.(This figure is for energy charges as ...
A wall with porous surface material and sound-dampening content material can be absorptive where little or no noise is reflected back towards the source or elsewhere. Hard surfaces such as masonry or concrete are considered to be reflective where most of the noise is reflected back towards the noise source and beyond.
Concrete roofing is composed of concrete reinforced with fibers of some sort. Structural concrete can also be used for flat roof constructions. There are three main categories, precast/prestressed, cast-in-place and shell. There are many types of precast/prestressed concrete roofing. The following are the most common types. [9]
Translucent concrete at Expo Bau 2011, München/Germany. Translucent concrete is used in fine architecture as a façade material and for the cladding of interior walls. Light-transmitting concrete has also been applied to various design products. [2] [3] Several ways of producing translucent concrete exist.
A Allocation of costs is the transfer of costs from one cost item to one or more other cost items. Allowance - a value in an estimate to cover the cost of known but not yet fully defined work. As-sold estimate - the estimate which matches the agreed items and price for the project scope. B Basis of estimate (BOE) - a document which describes the scope basis, pricing basis, methods ...
UNEP reported a cost of $18 billion per degree, [4]: 32 although individual studies have estimated that SAI deployment could cost between $5 billion to $10 billion per year. [ 30 ] MCB could cost, according to UNEP, $1 to 2 billion per W/m2 of negative radiative forcing, [ 4 ] : 32 , which implies $1.5 to 3 billion per degree.