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Octet rule. The bonding in carbon dioxide (CO 2): all atoms are surrounded by 8 electrons, fulfilling the octet rule. The octet rule is a chemical rule of thumb that reflects the theory that main-group elements tend to bond in such a way that each atom has eight electrons in its valence shell, giving it the same electronic configuration as a ...
Lewis structures – also called Lewis dot formulas, Lewis dot structures, electron dot structures, or Lewis electron dot structures (LEDs) – are diagrams that show the bonding between atoms of a molecule, as well as the lone pairs of electrons that may exist in the molecule. [1][2][3] A Lewis structure can be drawn for any covalently bonded ...
Gell-Mann–Nishijima formula. The Gell-Mann–Nishijima formula (sometimes known as the NNG formula) relates the baryon number B, the strangeness S, the isospin I3 of quarks and hadrons to the electric charge Q. It was originally given by Kazuhiko Nishijima and Tadao Nakano in 1953, [1] and led to the proposal of strangeness as a concept ...
Electron counting. In chemistry, electron counting is a formalism for assigning a number of valence electrons to individual atoms in a molecule. It is used for classifying compounds and for explaining or predicting their electronic structure and bonding. [1] Many rules in chemistry rely on electron-counting:
Gilbert Newton Lewis ForMemRS [1] (October 23 [2][3][4] or October 25, 1875 – March 23, 1946) [1][5][6] was an American physical chemist and a dean of the college of chemistry at University of California, Berkeley. [3][7] Lewis was best known for his discovery of the covalent bond and his concept of electron pairs; his Lewis dot structures ...
Gell-Mann–Okubo mass formula. In physics, the Gell-Mann–Okubo mass formula provides a sum rule for the masses of hadrons within a specific multiplet, determined by their isospin (I) and strangeness (or alternatively, hypercharge) where a0, a1, and a2 are free parameters. The rule was first formulated by Murray Gell-Mann in 1961 [1] and ...
Appearance. In chemistry, a hypervalent molecule (the phenomenon is sometimes colloquially known as expanded octet) is a molecule that contains one or more main group elements apparently bearing more than eight electrons in their valence shells. Phosphorus pentachloride (PCl5), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), chlorine trifluoride (ClF3), the ...
Because electrophiles accept electrons, they are Lewis acids. [2] Most electrophiles are positively charged, have an atom that carries a partial positive charge, or have an atom that does not have an octet of electrons. Electrophiles mainly interact with nucleophiles through addition and substitution reactions.