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An upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) is an illness caused by an acute infection, which involves the upper respiratory tract, including the nose, sinuses, pharynx, larynx or trachea. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] This commonly includes nasal obstruction, sore throat, tonsillitis , pharyngitis , laryngitis , sinusitis , otitis media , and the common cold .
An infection of this type usually is further classified as an upper respiratory tract infection (URI or URTI) or a lower respiratory tract infection (LRI or LRTI). Lower respiratory infections, such as pneumonia , tend to be far more severe than upper respiratory infections, such as the common cold .
Pharyngitis is a type of upper respiratory tract infection. [7] Most cases are caused by a viral infection. [2] Strep throat, a bacterial infection, is the cause in about 25% of children and 10% of adults. [2] Uncommon causes include other bacteria such as gonococcus, fungi, irritants such as smoke, allergies, and gastroesophageal reflux disease.
Pneumonia frequently starts as an upper respiratory tract infection that moves into the lower respiratory tract. [54] It is a type of pneumonitis (lung inflammation). [ 55 ] The normal flora of the upper airway give protection by competing with pathogens for nutrients.
Acute cases usually occur as part of a viral upper respiratory tract infection, [1] other infections and trauma such as from coughing are other causes. [1] Chronic cases may occur due to smoking, tuberculosis, allergies, acid reflux, rheumatoid arthritis, or sarcoidosis. [1] [3] The underlying mechanism involves irritation of the vocal cords. [2]
Croup, also known as croupy cough, is a type of respiratory infection that is usually caused by a virus. [2] The infection leads to swelling inside the trachea, which interferes with normal breathing and produces the classic symptoms of "barking/brassy" cough, inspiratory stridor and a hoarse voice. [2] Fever and runny nose may also be present. [2]