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Citicoline has a very low toxicity profile in animals and humans. Clinically, doses of 2000 mg per day have been observed and approved. Minor transient adverse effects are rare and most commonly include stomach pain and diarrhea.
Memantine, sold under the brand name Namenda among others, is a medication used to slow the progression of moderate-to-severe Alzheimer's disease. [10] [11] [8] It is taken by mouth.
This type of adverse effect that results from pharmaceutical drug exposure is commonly due to interactions of the drug with its intended target. In this case, both the therapeutic and toxic targets are the same. To avoid toxicity during treatment, many times the drug needs to be changed to target a different aspect of the illness or symptoms.
Cytisine, also known as baptitoxine, cytisinicline, or sophorine, is an alkaloid that occurs naturally in several plant genera, such as Laburnum and Cytisus of the family Fabaceae.
Cytotoxicity is the quality of being toxic to cells.Examples of toxic agents are toxic metals, toxic chemicals, microbe neurotoxins, radiation particles and even specific neurotransmitters when the system is out of balance.
2016 April: The rights to develop and sell NBI-1117568 were transferred from its original developer to Allergan. [9]2017 September: Allergan initiated Phase I clinical trials for NBI-1117568 to treat "neurobehavioral symptoms related to Alzheimer's disease and other conditions."
The toxicity of curare alkaloids in humans has not been systematically established, but it is considered highly toxic and slow-acting, with a lowest reported lethal dose of 375 μg/kg (unknown route of administration). [35] For animals, the median lethal dose of tubocurarine is: [35] 1200 μg/kg (dog, intravenous) 140 μg/kg (mouse, intravenous)
Excitotoxicity can occur from substances produced within the body (endogenous excitotoxins).Glutamate is a prime example of an excitotoxin in the brain, and it is also the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system of mammals. [14]