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  2. Systems-oriented design - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems-oriented_design

    SOD is an approach that addresses the challenges the designer faces when working with complex systems and wicked problems, providing tools and techniques which make it easier for the designer to grasp the complexity of the problem at hand. With a systems-oriented approach towards design, the designer acknowledges that the starting point for the ...

  3. Condensation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensation

    Condensation is the change of the state of matter from the gas phase into the liquid phase, and is the reverse of vaporization. The word most often refers to the water cycle . [ 1 ] It can also be defined as the change in the state of water vapor to liquid water when in contact with a liquid or solid surface or cloud condensation nuclei within ...

  4. Guyan reduction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyan_reduction

    In computational mechanics, Guyan reduction, [1] also known as static condensation, is a dimensionality reduction method which reduces the number of degrees of freedom by ignoring the inertial terms of the equilibrium equations and expressing the unloaded degrees of freedom in terms of the loaded degrees of freedom.

  5. Water cycle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle

    The processes that drive these movements are evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, sublimation, infiltration, surface runoff, and subsurface flow. In doing so, the water goes through different forms: liquid, solid and vapor. The ocean plays a key role in the water cycle as it is the source of 86% of global evaporation.

  6. Lifting condensation level - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifting_condensation_level

    The convective condensation level (CCL) results when strong surface heating causes buoyant lifting of surface air and subsequent mixing of the planetary boundary layer, so that the layer near the surface ends up with a dry adiabatic lapse rate. As the mixing becomes deeper, it will get to the point where the LCL of an air parcel starting at the ...

  7. Air well (condenser) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_well_(condenser)

    One method is to use the ground as a heat sink by drawing air through underground pipes. [57] This is often done to provide a source of cool air for a building by means of a ground-coupled heat exchanger (also known as Earth tubes), wherein condensation is typically regarded as a significant problem. [58]

  8. Piping and instrumentation diagram - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piping_and_instrumentation...

    In the process industry, a standard set of symbols is used to prepare drawings of processes. The instrument symbols used in these drawings are generally based on International Society of Automation (ISA) Standard S5.1; The primary schematic drawing used for laying out a process control installation. They usually contain the following information:

  9. Reflux - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflux

    The addition of a copper "boiling ball" in the path creates an area where expansion of gasses into the ball causes cooling and subsequent condensation and reflux. In a column still, the addition of inert materials in the column (e.g., packing) creates surfaces for early condensation and leads to increased reflux. [citation needed]