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Paleo-Indians inhabited Maryland beginning in c. 10,000 BC as the Pleistocene ice sheet retreated, [1] having come from other areas of North America to hunt.. Members of the Monongahela culture lived in the western portion of Maryland, constructing sites such as the Barton Village Site and Meyer Site.
The Assateague (meaning: "swifly moving water") [1] were an Algonquian people speaking the Nanticoke language who historically lived on the Atlantic coast side of the Delmarva Peninsula (known during the colonial period as the Eastern Shores of Maryland and Virginia, and the Lower Counties of Pennsylvania).
As did other colonies, Maryland used the headright system to encourage people to bring in new settlers. Led by Leonard Calvert , Cecil Calvert's younger brother, the first settlers departed from Cowes , on the Isle of Wight , on November 22, 1633, aboard two small ships, the Ark and the Dove .
In the 18th century, the Maryland Colony nullified all Indian claims to their lands and dissolved the reservations. By the 1720s, some Piscataway as well as other Algonquian groups had relocated to Pennsylvania just north of the Susquehannah River. These migrants from the general area of Maryland are referred to as the Conoy and the Nanticoke.
The 1666 Articles of Peace and Amity was a treaty signed on 20 April 1666 between the English colony of Maryland and 12 Eastern Algonquian-speaking Indigenous nations, including the Piscataway, Anacostanck, Doegs, Mikikiwomans, Manasquesend, Mattawoman, Chingwawateick, Hangemaick, Portobackes, Sacayo, Panyayo, and Choptico.
The Mattawomans had a cordial relationship with the Maryland government. They were once armed, along with the Piscataways and Pamunkeys, with "matchcoats, corn, powder, and shot in return for military help.” Being distrustful of Natives, the Maryland government wanted to ensure loyalty from the Mattawomans.
The Choptank (or Ababco [2]) were an Algonquian-speaking Native American people that historically lived on the Eastern Shore of Maryland on the Delmarva Peninsula.They occupied an area along the lower Choptank River basin, [3] which included parts of present-day Talbot, Dorchester and Caroline counties. [4]
The Chaptico, also known as the Cecomocomoco, [1] were a group of Native Americans who lived along the Southwestern shore of the Chesapeake Bay in what is today St. Mary's County, Maryland. They were loosely dominated by the Patuxent in the pre-colonial time.