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Peyer's patches (or aggregated lymphoid nodules) are organized lymphoid follicles, named after the 17th-century Swiss anatomist Johann Conrad Peyer. [1] They are an important part of gut associated lymphoid tissue usually found in humans in the lowest portion of the small intestine, mainly in the distal jejunum and the ileum, but also could be detected in the duodenum.
The Peyer's patch is an aggregate of lymphoid cells projected to the lumen of the gut which acts as a very important site for the initiation of the immune response. It forms a subepithelial dome where large number of B cell follicles with its germinal centers, T cell areas between them in a smaller number and dendritic cells are found.
Peyer's Patches, groupings of lymphoid follicles in the mucous membrane, monitor the GALT closely to regulate pathogens that traverse through the area. Due to the function of M cells in Peyer's patches, involving the adherence and transport of antigens across a single layer of epithelial cells, dysfunction in these structures could allow an ...
Factors promoting the differentiation of M cells have yet to be elucidated, but they are thought to develop in response to signals from immune cells found in developing Peyer's patches. [4] B cells have been implicated in the developmental of M cells, since they are also localized in high numbers in the follicular-associated epithelium (FAE).
In the ileum there are occasionally Peyer's patches in the lamina propria. Brunner's glands are found in the duodenum but not in other parts of the small intestine. [1] In the colon, epithelium is simple columnar and without villi. Goblet cells, which secrete mucus, are also present. [1]
It is produced mainly by follicle-associated epithelial cells and is responsible for chemotaxis of dendritic cells and macrophages into Peyer's patches in gut through binding of CCR1. [11] MIP-1δ or MIP-5 (CCL15) binds also CCR1 and CCR3. [3]
The jejunum contains very few Brunner's glands (found in the duodenum) or Peyer's patches (found in the ileum). However, there are a few jejunal lymph nodes suspended in its mesentery. The jejunum has many large circular folds in its submucosa called plicae circulares that increase the surface area for nutrient absorption. The plicae circulares ...
Donor-derived CTL cells use α4β7 integrin to migrate to gut-associated lymphoid tissues such as Peyer’s patches. Furthermore, Peyer’s patches are key sites for donor T cell activation and start of GVHD. It was proved that mice in which donor T cell migration to Peyer’s patches was blocked by an anti-MAdCAM-1 were protected from GVHD.