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Examples of facultative intracellular bacteria include members of the genera Brucella, Legionella, Listeria, and Mycobacterium.These bacteria invade the human body and replicate inside the cells, evading the immune system and causing disease by disrupting the human's cells normal function.
To study the mechanism that intracellular parasites use to obtain nutrients, Legionella pneumophila, a bacterial facultative intracellular parasite, has been used as a model. It is known that Legionella pneumophila obtains nutrients by promoting host proteasomal degradation.
The organism is commonly found in dry and dusty soil and can be important for diseases of domesticated animals (horses and goats). The frequency of infection can reach near 60%. [1] R. equi is an important pathogen causing pneumonia in foals. Since 2008, R. equi has been known to infect wild boar and domestic pigs. [2]
F. tularensis is a facultative intracellular bacterium that is capable of infecting most cell types, but primarily infects macrophages in the host organism. [citation needed] Entry into the macrophage occurs by phagocytosis and the bacterium is sequestered from the interior of the infected cell by a phagosome.
Motility in the intracellular space is provided by actin assembly-inducing protein, which allows the bacteria to use the host cell's actin polymerization machinery to polymerize the cytoskeleton to give a "boost" to the bacterial cell so it can move in the cell. The same mechanism also allows the bacteria to travel from cell to cell. [31]
Bartonella is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria. It is the only genus in the family Bartonellaceae. [2] [3] Facultative intracellular parasites, Bartonella species can infect healthy people, but are considered especially important as opportunistic pathogens. [4] Bartonella species are transmitted by vectors such as fleas, sand flies, and ...
They are small (0.5 to 0.7 by 0.6 to 1.5 μm), non-encapsulated, non-motile, [4] facultatively intracellular coccobacilli. Brucella spp. are the cause of brucellosis , which is a zoonosis transmitted by ingesting contaminated food (such as unpasteurized milk products), direct contact with an infected animal, or inhalation of aerosols.
Bartonella henselae is a member of the genus Bartonella, one of the most common types of bacteria in the world. [specify] It is a facultative intracellular microbe that targets red blood cells. In the United States, about 20,000 cases are diagnosed each year, [2] most under 15 years old. Most often, it is transmitted by scratches or bites from ...