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Beta movement and the phi phenomenon are examples of apparent motion that can be induced with stroboscopic alternation between stimuli at different spots in close proximity of each other. Beta movement occurs with relatively big differences in position or shape between images at relatively low stroboscopic frequencies, and seems to rely more on ...
The term phi phenomenon is used in a narrow sense for an apparent motion that is observed if two nearby optical stimuli are presented in alternation with a relatively high frequency. In contrast to beta movement , seen at lower frequencies, the stimuli themselves do not appear to move.
In beta movement, two stimuli, and , appear in succession, but are perceived as the motion of a single object, , into position . In phi movement, the two stimuli a {\displaystyle a} and b {\displaystyle b} appear in succession, but are perceived as the motion of a vague shadowy something passing over a {\displaystyle a} and b {\displaystyle b} .
The ISI plays a large role in the phi phenomenon (Wertheimer) since the illusion of motion is directly due to the length of the interval between stimuli. When the ISI is shorter, for example between two flashing lines alternating back and forth, we perceive the change in stimuli to be movement. [1]
Optical flow or optic flow is the pattern of apparent motion of objects, surfaces, and edges in a visual scene caused by the relative motion between an observer and a scene. [1] [2] Optical flow can also be defined as the distribution of apparent velocities of movement of brightness pattern in an image. [3]
The third law, particularly, describes how the increase in distance between two stimuli narrows the range of interstimulus intervals (ISI), which produce the apparent motion. [4] It holds that there is a requirement for the proportional decrease in the frequency in which two stimulators are activated in alternation with the increase in ISI to ...
Additionally, research on human participants is being conducted as well. While single-cell recording is not conducted on humans, this research uses neuroimaging methods such as fMRI, PET, EEG/ERP to collect information on what brain areas become active when executing biological motion perception tasks, such as viewing point light walker stimuli.
Instead, apparent motion appears to arise from the visual system's processing of the physical properties of the percept. It is for this reason that apparent motion is a key area of research in the domain of vision research. [5] The Ternus illusion is perhaps one of the best examples of such an effect.