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  2. Conscience clause in medicine in the United States - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscience_clause_in...

    Conscience clauses are legal clauses attached to laws in some parts of the United States and other countries which permit pharmacists, physicians, and/or other providers of health care not to provide certain medical services for reasons of religion or conscience. It can also involve parents withholding consenting for particular treatments for ...

  3. List of clauses of the United States Constitution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_clauses_of_the...

    The United States Constitution and its amendments comprise hundreds of clauses which outline the functioning of the United States Federal Government, the political relationship between the states and the national government, and affect how the United States federal court system interprets the law. When a particular clause becomes an important ...

  4. Shocks the conscience - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shocks_the_conscience

    In US law, the phrase typically describes whether or not the due process requirement of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution has been met. [2] The term originally entered into case law with Rochin v. California (1953). This balancing test is often cited as having subsequently been used in a particularly subjective manner.

  5. Substantive due process - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantive_due_process

    Substantive due process is a principle in United States constitutional law that allows courts to establish and protect substantive laws and certain fundamental rights from government interference, even if they are unenumerated elsewhere in the U.S. Constitution.

  6. Certainty in English law - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certainty_in_English_law

    Certainty in English law sets out rules for how judges will interpret, sever or put contracts, trusts and other voluntary obligations into effect. If the terms of the contract are uncertain or incomplete, the parties cannot have reached an agreement in the eyes of the law. [ 1 ]

  7. G. L. Christian and Associates v. United States - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._L._Christian_and...

    Because the FAR is the law, and government contractors are presumed to be familiar with the FAR, a mandatory clause that expresses a significant or deeply ingrained strand of public procurement policy will be incorporated into a Government contract by operation of law, even if the parties intentionally omitted it. [1] [2]

  8. Full Faith and Credit Clause - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_Faith_and_Credit_Clause

    According to the Supreme Court, there is a difference between the credit owed to laws (i.e. legislative measures and common law) as compared to the credit owed to judgments. [1] Judges and lawyers agree on the meaning of the clause with respect to the recognition of judgments rendered by one state in the courts of another.

  9. Catholic probabilism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_probabilism

    A law which has not been promulgated is not a law in the full and strict sense, and does not impose an obligation. But when there is a solidly probable opinion in favour of liberty, the law has not been sufficiently promulgated, since there has not been the requisite manifestation of the mind of the legislator.