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Heat is applied by baking in a dry heat oven that is designed specifically for the depyrogenation process. Although endotoxins are relatively thermally stable, sufficient heating (250 °C for 30 min) results in a 3-log reduction of endotoxin levels. Due to the high temperature levels, this method is also not suitable when purifying proteins.
Log reduction is a measure of how thoroughly a decontamination process reduces the concentration of a contaminant. It is defined as the common logarithm of the ratio of the levels of contamination before and after the process, so an increment of 1 corresponds to a reduction in concentration by a factor of 10.
Reduction of endotoxin back to physiological levels in the blood prevents damage to the vascular wall and restores impaired blood supply to the intestinal mucosa and eliminates mucosal ischemia. The latter, in turn, contributes to its regeneration and restoration of the barrier function of the intestinal mucosa.
Lipopolysaccharide, now more commonly known as endotoxin, [1] is a collective term for components of the outermost membrane of the cell envelope of gram-negative bacteria, such as E. coli and Salmonella [2] with a common structural architecture.
Chemical structure of lipid A as found in E. coli [1]. Lipid A is a lipid component of an endotoxin held responsible for the toxicity of gram-negative bacteria.It is the innermost of the three regions of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS), also called endotoxin molecule, and its hydrophobic nature allows it to anchor the LPS to the outer membrane. [2]
Given that the chemical activity denoted here by { } is the product of the activity coefficient γ by the concentration denoted by [ ]: a i = γ i ·C i, here expressed as {X} = γ x [X] and {X} x = (γ x) x [X] x and replacing the logarithm of a product by the sum of the logarithms (i.e., log (a·b) = log a + log b), the log of the reaction ...
What is often called a "log reduction" (technically a reduction by one order of magnitude) represents a 90% reduction in microbial population. Thus a process that achieves a "6-log reduction" (10 −6 ) will theoretically reduce an initial population of one million organisms to very close to zero.
Atlantic horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus. Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) is an aqueous extract of motile blood cells from the Atlantic horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus.LAL reacts with bacterial endotoxins such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS), which are components of the bacterial capsule, the outermost membrane of cell envelope of gram-negative bacteria.