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Industrialisation or industrialization is the period of social and economic change that transforms a human group from an agrarian society into an industrial society. This involves an extensive reorganisation of an economy for the purpose of manufacturing . [ 3 ]
For example, in medieval Europe, as much as 80% of the labour force was employed in subsistence agriculture. [2] Some pre-industrial economies, such as classical Athens, had trade and commerce as significant factors, so native Greeks could enjoy wealth far beyond a sustenance standard of living through the use of slavery. [3]
The Industrial Revolution altered the U.S. economy and set the stage for the United States to dominate technological change and growth in the Second Industrial Revolution and the Gilded Age. [28] The Industrial Revolution also saw a decrease in labor shortages which had characterized the U.S. economy through its early years. [29]
The Industrial Revolution led to a population increase, but the chances of surviving childhood did not improve throughout the Industrial Revolution, although infant mortality rates were reduced markedly. [109] [166] There was still limited opportunity for education, and children were expected to work. Employers could pay a child less than an ...
The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain because it had the factors of production, land (all natural resources), capital, and labour. Britain had plenty of harbors that enabled trade, Britain had access to capital, such as goods and money, for example, tools, machinery, equipment, and inventory.
The Industrial Revolution changed warfare, with mass-produced weaponry and supplies, machine-powered transportation, mobilization, the total war concept and weapons of mass destruction. Early instances of industrial warfare were the Crimean War and the American Civil War , but its full potential showed during the world wars .
The Second Industrial Revolution (1871–1914): A continuation of the First Industrial Revolution marked by technologies such as the telegraph, railroads, and gasoline-powered machines. The Digital Revolution : The sweeping changes brought about by computing and communication technology , starting from circa 1950 with the creation of the first ...
This can be illustrated by the index of total industrial production, which increased from 4.29 in 1790 to 1,975.00 in 1913, an increase of 460 times (base year 1850 – 100). [5] American colonies gained independence in 1783 just as profound changes in industrial production and coordination were beginning to shift production from artisans to ...