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The ala of the nose (ala nasi, "wing of the nose"; plural alae) is the lower lateral surface of the external nose, shaped by the alar cartilage and covered in dense connective tissue. [1] The alae flare out to form a rounded eminence around the nostril. [17] Sexual dimorphism is evident in the larger nose of the male.
The external nares (nostril holes) are elongated, much larger than the antorbital fenestrae (a hole on the side of the skull). Many aetosaurs have a small knob on the premaxilla which projects into the nares from below.
The gharial is the most extreme example and a fish specialist; Australian freshwater crocodiles, which have similarly shaped skulls to gharials, also specialize more on fish than sympatric, broad snouted crocodiles and are opportunistic feeders which eat all manner of small aquatic prey, including insects and crustaceans. Thus, spinosaurids ...
The external nares (singular: external naris, also: bony nostrils [55]) are a pair of external skull openings for the nostrils. Important landmarks in the skull, they are primitively located in front of the antorbital fenestra near the tip of the snout.
The external nares are described as oval and face anterodorsally (meaning they open upwards and towards the front) with a slightly elevated rim. This opening is almost entirely surrounded by the premaxillae except for a small section at the back where the strap-like nasal bones insert themselves between the two halves to make their own ...
The external nasal nerve passes inferior-ward through the lateral nasal wall. It provides sensory innervation to the area of skin of the nose between the nasal bones superiorly and the tip of the nose inferiorly (excluding the alar portion surrounding the external nares).
Poposauroidea was a diverse group of pseudosuchians, containing genera with many different ecological adaptations. Some (Poposaurus and shuvosaurids) were short-armed bipeds, while others (ctenosauriscids and Lotosaurus) were robust quadrupeds with elongated neural spines, creating a 'sail' like that of certain "pelycosaurs" (like Dimetrodon) and spinosaurids.
As a direct measurement of sniffing, early studies favored the use of microphones placed/secured external to the anterior nares, the external openings of the nasal cavity. This method has advantages to directly index air leaving the nares (increase in microphone output), yet is mostly non-invasive.