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Diagram illustrating skull elements from Irritator (bottom) and other spinosaurids, comparing the relative positions of the external nares, or bony nostrils, (labeled e.n.) In 1998, Sereno and colleagues defined two subfamilies within the Spinosauridae based on craniodental (skull and tooth) characteristics.
From well-preserved fossils, it is observed that they share a paltybasic skull with eye ridges, and external nares situated on the margin of the mouth. [1] Development of eye ridges and flatting of the skull are also observed in primitive fossil amphibians and reptiles.
The external nares (nostril holes) are elongated, much larger than the antorbital fenestrae (a hole on the side of the skull). Many aetosaurs have a small knob on the premaxilla which projects into the nares from below.
The gharial is the most extreme example and a fish specialist; Australian freshwater crocodiles, which have similarly shaped skulls to gharials, also specialize more on fish than sympatric, broad snouted crocodiles and are opportunistic feeders which eat all manner of small aquatic prey, including insects and crustaceans. Thus, spinosaurids ...
N 2 chart example. [1] The N 2 chart or N 2 diagram (pronounced "en-two" or "en-squared") is a chart or diagram in the shape of a matrix, representing functional or physical interfaces between system elements. It is used to systematically identify, define, tabulate, design, and analyze functional and physical interfaces.
The external nares (singular: external naris, also: bony nostrils [55]) are a pair of external skull openings for the nostrils. Important landmarks in the skull, they are primitively located in front of the antorbital fenestra near the tip of the snout.
The region around the nose is raised thanks to an upturn of the nasal bones, which subsequently creates a marked ditch just behind the nares when observing the skull in profile view. [ 1 ] Although the external nares are used to identify A. munensis as a member of the genus Alligator (the nares are separated from one another by the nasal bones ...
The back edges of the external nares are formed by the upwards-directed processes of the maxillae, gracile, triradiate bones behind the premaxillae. [3] While initially interpreted as not forming part of the narial border in the holotype, [2] further specimens revealed that the nasals, which run along the top of the snout, do participate in the ...