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Although the main definition of the gamma function—the Euler integral of the second kind—is only valid (on the real axis) for positive arguments, its domain can be extended with analytic continuation [13] to negative arguments by shifting the negative argument to positive values by using either the Euler's reflection formula ...
The gamma function is an important special function in mathematics.Its particular values can be expressed in closed form for integer and half-integer arguments, but no simple expressions are known for the values at rational points in general.
Repeated application of the recurrence relation for the lower incomplete gamma function leads to the power series expansion: [2] (,) = = (+) (+) = = (+ +). Given the rapid growth in absolute value of Γ(z + k) when k → ∞, and the fact that the reciprocal of Γ(z) is an entire function, the coefficients in the rightmost sum are well-defined, and locally the sum converges uniformly for all ...
Euler's product formula for the gamma function, combined with the functional equation and an identity for the Euler–Mascheroni constant, yields the following expression for the digamma function, valid in the complex plane outside the negative integers (Abramowitz and Stegun 6.3.16): [1]
The notation γ appears nowhere in the writings of either Euler or Mascheroni, and was chosen at a later time, perhaps because of the constant's connection to the gamma function. [3] For example, the German mathematician Carl Anton Bretschneider used the notation γ in 1835, [ 4 ] and Augustus De Morgan used it in a textbook published in parts ...
The digamma function is defined as the logarithmic derivative of the gamma function = (()) = ′ (). Just as the gamma function provides a continuous interpolation of the factorials , the digamma function provides a continuous interpolation of the harmonic numbers, in the sense that ψ ( n ) = H n − 1 − γ {\displaystyle \psi (n)=H_{n-1 ...
It is sometimes referred to as the log-gamma distribution. [20] Formulas for its mean and variance are in the section #Logarithmic expectation and variance. If X ~ Gamma(α, θ), then follows a generalized gamma distribution with parameters p = 2, d = 2α, and = [citation needed].
Using Euler's formula, any trigonometric function may be written in terms of complex exponential functions, namely and and then integrated. This technique is often simpler and faster than using trigonometric identities or integration by parts , and is sufficiently powerful to integrate any rational expression involving trigonometric functions.