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More than 60 gangliosides are known, which differ from each other mainly in the position and number of NANA residues. It is a component of the cell plasma membrane that modulates cell signal transduction events, and appears to concentrate in lipid rafts [2] [3]. Recently, gangliosides have been found to be highly important molecules in ...
The numbering is based on its relative mobility in electrophoresis among other monosialic gangliosides. [1] Its structure can be condensed to NANA - Gal - Glc - ceramide . GM3 is the most common membrane-bound glycosphingolipid in tissues, composed of three monosaccharide groups attached to a ceramide backbone. [ 2 ]
Beta-hexosaminidase is a vital hydrolytic enzyme, found in the lysosomes, that breaks down lipids. When beta-hexosaminidase is no longer functioning properly, the lipids accumulate in the nervous tissue of the brain and cause problems. Gangliosides are made and biodegraded rapidly in early life as the brain develops.
The GM1 gangliosidoses, usually shortened to GM1, are gangliosidoses caused by mutation in the GLB1 gene resulting in a deficiency of beta-galactosidase.The deficiency causes abnormal storage of acidic lipid materials in cells of the central and peripheral nervous systems, but particularly in the nerve cells, resulting in progressive neurodegeneration.
The protein acts as an inhibitor of vascular mineralization and plays a role in bone organization. [5] [6] MGP is found in a number of body tissues in mammals, birds, and fish. Its mRNA is present in bone, cartilage, heart, and kidney. [7] It is present in bone together with the related vitamin K2-dependent protein osteocalcin.
Antibodies to ganglioside are found to be elevated in coeliac disease. [16] Recent studies show that gliadin can cross-link to gangliosides in a transglutaminase independent manner, indicating that gliadin specific T-cell could present these antigens to the immune system. [17]
In biology, matrix (pl.: matrices) is the material (or tissue) in between a eukaryotic organism's cells. The structure of connective tissues is an extracellular matrix. Fingernails and toenails grow from matrices. It is found in various connective tissues. It serves as a jelly-like structure instead of cytoplasm in connective tissue.
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are a group of growth factors also known as cytokines and as metabologens. [1] Professor Marshall Urist and Professor Hari Reddi discovered their ability to induce the formation of bone and cartilage, BMPs are now considered to constitute a group of pivotal morphogenetic signals, orchestrating tissue architecture throughout the body.