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The Boudouard reaction, named after Octave Leopold Boudouard, is the redox reaction of a chemical equilibrium mixture of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide at a given temperature. It is the disproportionation of carbon monoxide into carbon dioxide and graphite or its reverse: [1] 2CO ⇌ CO 2 + C
In the conversion of carbon dioxide to useful materials, the water–gas shift reaction is used to produce carbon monoxide from hydrogen and carbon dioxide. This is sometimes called the reverse water–gas shift reaction. [20] Water gas is defined as a fuel gas consisting mainly of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H 2).
Oxidation of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide: 2CO + O 2 → 2CO 2; Oxidation of hydrocarbons (unburnt and partially burned fuel) to carbon dioxide and water: C x H 2x+2 + [(3x+1)/2]O 2 → xCO 2 + (x+1)H 2 O (a combustion reaction) The two-way catalytic converter is widely used on diesel engines to reduce hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide ...
The catalyst responsible for this conversion, RuBisCO, is the most common protein. Some anaerobic organisms employ enzymes to convert CO 2 to carbon monoxide, from which fatty acids can be made. [11] In industry, a few products are made from CO 2, including urea, salicylic acid, methanol, and certain inorganic and organic carbonates. [12]
The initially produced CO 2 equilibrates with the remaining hot carbon to give CO. [65] The reaction of CO 2 with carbon to give CO is described as the Boudouard reaction. [66] Above 800 °C, CO is the predominant product: CO 2 (g) + C (s) → 2 CO (g) (ΔH r = 170 kJ/mol)
Furthermore, other residues (i.e. an isoleucine apical to the Ni atom) fine-tune the binding and conversion of CO. [24] Based on IR spectra suggesting the presence of an Ni-CO complex, the proposed first step in the oxidative catalysis of CO to CO 2 involves the binding of CO to Ni 2+ and corresponding complexing of Fe 2+ to a water molecule. [25]
Thermodynamic potentials for the reduction of CO 2 to various products is given in the following table versus NHE at pH = 7. Single electron reduction of CO 2 to CO 2 − radical occurs at E° = −1.90 V versus NHE at pH = 7 in an aqueous solution at 25 °C under 1 atm gas pressure.
Methanation is the conversion of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide (CO x) to methane (CH 4) through hydrogenation. The methanation reactions of CO x were first discovered by Sabatier and Senderens in 1902. [1] CO x methanation has many practical applications.