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The topic of Convivencia remains a very hotly debated topic among scholars, with some of them believing that Spain was pluralistic under Muslim rule while others believe it was a very difficult place for non-Muslims to live in.
The Almoravids (1086–1094) and the Almohads (1146–1173) occupied al-Andalus, followed by the Marinids in 1269, but that could not prevent the fragmentation of Muslim-ruled territory. The last Muslim emirate, Granada, was defeated by the armies of Castile (successor to Asturias) and Aragon under Isabella and Ferdinand in 1492.
Al-Andalus (Arabic: الأَنْدَلُس, romanized: al-ʾAndalus) [a] was the Muslim-ruled area of the Iberian Peninsula.The name refers to the different Muslim [1] [2] states that controlled these territories at various times between 711 and 1492.
Islamic power in Spain specifically climaxed in the 10th century under Abd-al-Rahman III. [59] The rulers of Al-Andalus were granted the rank of Emir by the Umayyad Caliph Al-Walid I in Damascus . When the Abbasids overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate, Abd al-Rahman I managed to escape to al-Andalus and declared it independent.
Mozarabic church of Santiago de Peñalba c. 1960. The Mozarabs [a] (from Arabic: مُسْتَعْرَب, romanized: musta‘rab, lit. 'Arabized'), or more precisely Andalusi Christians, [1]: 166 were the Christians of al-Andalus, or the territories of Iberia under Muslim rule from 711 to 1492.
About 20,000 Muslims lived in other territories of Castile, and most of the remainder lived in the territories of the Crown of Aragon. [4] These Muslims living under Christian rule were known as the Mudéjars. In the initial years after the conquest of Granada, Muslims in Granada and elsewhere continued to enjoy freedom of religion. [1]
Convivencia (Spanish: [kombiˈβenθja], "living together") is an academic term, proposed by the Spanish philologist Américo Castro, regarding the period of Spanish history from the Muslim Umayyad conquest of Hispania in the early eighth century until the expulsion of the Jews in 1492.
In these early years, certain kingdoms within Al-Andalus itself attempted to retain semi-autonomous status under Muslim rule, but were soon forced to submit. Many Christians also fled to the mountains up north and eventually formed the northern Christian kingdoms of Iberia that would eventually bring down Islamic rule in the Reconquista.