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Peers, particularly group members, become important social referents for [25] [26] teaching other members customs, social norms, and different ideologies. [27] Positive peer relationships improve social interaction and enhance positive engagement levels in adolescents with and without disabilities. [28]
Sociometric status is a measurement that reflects the degree to which someone is liked or disliked by their peers as a group. While there are some studies that have looked at sociometric status among adults, the measure is primarily used with children and adolescents to make inferences about peer relations and social competence. [1] [2]
These approaches define social competence based on how popular one is with his peers. [7] The more well-liked one is, the more socially competent they are. [8]Peer group entry, conflict resolution, and maintaining play, are three comprehensive interpersonal goals that are relevant with regard to the assessment and intervention of peer competence.
Various peer groups approve of varying activities and when individuals engage in approved activities, the peer group positively reinforces this behavior. For example, allowing the individual to become part of the group or by paying more attention to the individual is a positive reinforcement. This is a source of motivation for the individual to ...
Peer relationships are also very important for determining how much adolescents value school, how much effort they put into it, and how well they perform in class. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] However, quite frequently adolescents take part in peer relationships that are harmful for their psychological development.
Peer pressure is a direct or indirect influence on peers, i.e., members of social groups with similar interests and experiences, or social statuses. Members of a peer group are more likely to influence a person's beliefs, values, religion and behavior.
Examples include study groups, sports teams, schoolmates, attorney-client, doctor-patient, coworkers, etc. Cooley had made the distinction between primary and secondary groups, by noting that the term for the latter refers to relationships that generally develop later in life, likely with much less influence on one’s identity than primary groups.
These mentoring relationships promote career growth and benefit both the mentor and the learner: for example, the mentor can show leadership by teaching; the organization receives an employee that is shaped by the organization's culture and operation because they have been under the mentorship of an experienced member; and the learner can ...