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Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are networks of extracellular fibers, primarily composed of DNA from neutrophils, which bind pathogens. [2] Neutrophils are the immune system's first line of defense against infection and have conventionally been thought to kill invading pathogens through two strategies: engulfment of microbes and secretion ...
The innate immune system responds quickly to infection, with neutrophils (a type of white blood cells) being the first responders. [1] [2] Neutrophils enter the site of infection and begin to phagocytose (take up) pathogens. [1] [2] [4] Once engulfed, the neutrophils must then degrade the captured pathogens–a process known as intracellular ...
Neutrophils contain neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), composed of granule and nuclear constituents, which play a role in breaking up and killing bacteria that has invaded the immune system. NETs, composed of activated neutrophils, are fragile structures consisting of smooth stretches and globular domains, as shown via high-resolution ...
These neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) comprise a web of fibers composed of chromatin and serine proteases [45] that trap and kill extracellular microbes. It is suggested that NETs provide a high local concentration of antimicrobial components and bind, disarm, and kill microbes independent of phagocytic uptake.
The morphology of cells dying by this death is variable, with apoptotic, necrotic or intermediate morphologies observed. It is a type of intracellular pathogen defense, but is connected with several pathophysiological processes, like tissue remodeling or inflammation. Lysosome permeabilization initiates the cell death process, sometimes along ...
The intra-cellular granules of the human neutrophil have long been recognized for their protein-destroying and bactericidal properties. [83] Neutrophils can secrete products that stimulate monocytes and macrophages. Neutrophil secretions increase phagocytosis and the formation of reactive oxygen compounds involved in intracellular killing. [84]
The neutrophils are at first attracted to a site, where they perform their function and die, before they or their neutrophil extracellular traps are phagocytized by the macrophages. [ 22 ] [ 23 ] When at the site, the first wave of neutrophils, after the process of aging and after the first 48 hours, stimulate the appearance of the macrophages ...
An example of neutrophil swarming behavior by neutrophil extracellular traps. The neutrophil (green) surround branches of the Aspergillus Fumigatus (light blue) in infected lung tissue in a swarming manner and transport the branches to the neutrophil aggregates on the left. The dark blue color indicates lung tissue and the red color indicates DNA.