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Cardiotonic agents, also known as cardiac inotropes or stimulants, have a positive impact on the myocardium (muscular layer of the heart) by enhancing its contractility. . Unlike general inotropes, these agents exhibit a higher level of specificity as they selectively target the myocar
Negative inotropic agents decrease myocardial contractility and are used to decrease cardiac workload in conditions such as angina. While negative inotropism may precipitate or exacerbate heart failure in the short term, certain beta blockers (e.g. carvedilol , bisoprolol and metoprolol ) have been believed to reduce long-term morbidity and ...
An antihypotensive, also known as vasopressor, is an agent that raises blood pressure by constricting blood vessels, thereby increasing systemic vascular resistance. This is different from inotropes which increase the force of cardiac contraction. Some substances do both (e.g. dopamine, dobutamine).
Modern interest in vasopressors as a treatment for cardiac arrest stem mostly from canine studies performed in the 1960s by anesthesiologists Dr. John W. Pearson and Dr. Joseph Stafford Redding in which they demonstrated improved outcomes with the use of adjunct intracardiac epinephrine injection during resuscitation attempts after induced ...
A cardiac stimulant is a drug which acts as a stimulant of the heart – e.g., via positive chronotropic action (increased heart rate) and/or inotropic action (increased myocardial contractility). They increase cardiac output (the amount of blood pumped by the heart over time).
Treatment typically involves uses of vasopressor, inotropes, fluid boluses, and introduction of resuscitation. [4] In case vasodilatory shock fails to respond to high doses of vasopressors (defined as ≥ 0.5 mg/kg/min norepinephrine-equivalent dose [ 7 ] ), meaning it's vasopressor-resistant and advances to being called refractory vasodilatory ...
Medications used include: diuretic agents, vasodilator agents, positive inotropes, ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, and aldosterone antagonists (e.g., spironolactone). Some medications which increase heart function, such as the positive inotrope milrinone, lead to increased death, and are contraindicated. [9] [10]
A commercially prepared pre-filled syringe of metaraminol for bolus use during anaesthesia, made up as 0.5 mg/mL (2.5 mg in 5 mL). Metaraminol is given intravenously as either a bolus (often 0.5–1 mg doses) or as an infusion, usually via peripheral intravenous access. Metaraminol is commonly available as 10 mg in 1 mL, that requires dilution ...