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Map showing the voyages of Zheng He accepted by mainstream historians. In 1421, Gavin Menzies challenged these routes, claiming that Zheng He's fleet actually travelled all over the world, visiting the Americas, the Caribbean, Greenland, the Pacific, and Australia, establishing colonies, and eventually circumnavigating the globe. [15]
First page of the map with part of the introduction. Mao Kun map, usually referred to in modern Chinese sources as Zheng He's Navigation Map (traditional Chinese: 鄭和航海圖; simplified Chinese: 郑和航海图; pinyin: Zhèng Hé hánghǎi tú), is a set of navigation charts published in the Ming dynasty military treatise Wubei Zhi. [1]
Zheng He (also romanized Cheng Ho; 1371–1433/1435) was a Chinese admiral, explorer, diplomat, and bureaucrat during the early Ming dynasty (1368–1644). He is often regarded as the greatest admiral in Chinese history.
In his book 1421: The Year China Discovered the World, British author Gavin Menzies claimed that the treasure fleets of Ming admiral Zheng He arrived in America in 1421. [69] Professional historians contend that Zheng He reached the eastern coast of Africa, and dismiss Menzies's hypothesis as entirely without proof. [70] [71] [72] [73]
Chinese exploration includes exploratory Chinese travels abroad, on land and by sea, from the travels of Han dynasty diplomat Zhang Qian into Central Asia during the 2nd century BC until the Ming dynasty treasure voyages of the 15th century that crossed the Indian Ocean and reached as far as East Africa.
The main source for all routes: chapter on the last expedition of Zheng He in: Dreyer E. L., Zheng He: China and the Oceans in the Early Ming Dynasty, 1405-1433. — Longman, 2007. — 256 p. — (Library of World Biography Series). — ISBN 0321084438.
Kunyu Wanguo Quantu, printed in Ming China at the request of the Wanli Emperor in 1602 by the Italian Catholic missionary Matteo Ricci and Chinese collaborators, the mandarin Zhong Wentao, and the technical translator Li Zhizao, is the earliest known Chinese world map with the style of European maps. [1]
The emperor honors Ma He with the name Zheng He. 1405 Zheng He departs from Nanjing with 27,800 men on 255 ships for a voyage of two years. The fleet visits Champa, Java, Malacca, Aru, Semudera, Lambri, Sri Lanka, Quilon, and Calicut. 1407 Zheng He departs from Nanjing with 247 ships for a second voyage of two years. 1409 Zheng He departs from ...