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Proactive behavior can be contrasted with other work-related behaviors, such as proficiency, i.e. the fulfillment of predictable requirements of one’s job, or adaptability, the successful coping with and support of change initiated by others in the organization. In regard to the latter, whereas adaptability is about responding to change ...
Aggression can have adaptive benefits or negative effects. Aggressive behavior is an individual or collective social interaction that is a hostile behavior with the intention of inflicting damage or harm. [3] [4] Two broad categories of aggression are commonly distinguished.
Workplace aggression is a specific type of aggression which occurs in the workplace. [1] [2] Workplace aggression is any type of hostile behavior that occurs in the workplace. [3] [1] [4] It can range from verbal insults and threats to physical violence, and it can occur between coworkers, supervisors, and subordinates.
Relational aggression, alternative aggression, or relational bullying is a type of aggression in which harm is caused by damaging someone's relationships or social status. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Although it can be used in many contexts and among different age groups , relational aggression among adolescents in particular, has received a lot of attention.
It has been suggested that psychopathy is associated with "instrumental aggression", also known as predatory, proactive, or "cold-blooded" aggression, a form of aggression characterized by reduced emotion and conducted with a goal differing from but facilitated by the commission of harm.
Aggression is a multi-dimensional concept, but it can be generally defined as behavior that inflicts pain or harm on another. [ 2 ] The genetic-developmental theory states that individual differences in a continuous phenotype result from the action of a large number of genes , each exerting an effect that works with environmental factors to ...
Whereas proactive aggression is unprovoked and goal-driven, reactive aggression is an angry, retaliatory response to some sort of perceived provocation. [7] Therefore, children who are victims of aggression may develop views of peers as hostile, leading them to be more likely to engage in retaliatory (or reactive) aggression. [28]
Theories of aggressive behavior and ethological observations of animals and children suggest the existence of distinct forms of reactive (hostile) and proactive (instrumental) aggression. Toward the validation of this distinction, groups of reactive aggressive, proactive aggressive, and nonaggressive children were identified.