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Others (such as many Unix media players) may read files from standard input. Popular Windows programs that open a separate console window in addition to their GUI windows are the emulators pSX and DOSBox. GTK-server can use stdin as a communication interface with an interpreted program to realize a GUI.
«FUNCTION» LENGTH(string) or «FUNCTION» BYTE-LENGTH(string) number of characters and number of bytes, respectively COBOL: string length string: a decimal string giving the number of characters Tcl: ≢ string: APL: string.len() Number of bytes Rust [30] string.chars().count() Number of Unicode code points Rust [31]
The C programming language provides many standard library functions for file input and output.These functions make up the bulk of the C standard library header <stdio.h>. [1] The functionality descends from a "portable I/O package" written by Mike Lesk at Bell Labs in the early 1970s, [2] and officially became part of the Unix operating system in Version 7.
10 0001 0000 1: byte → value push a byte onto the stack as an integer value: breakpoint ca 1100 1010 reserved for breakpoints in Java debuggers; should not appear in any class file caload 34 0011 0100 arrayref, index → value load a char from an array castore 55 0101 0101 arrayref, index, value → store a char into an array checkcast c0 ...
String interning also reduces memory usage if there are many instances of the same string value; for instance, it is read from a network or from storage. Such strings may include magic numbers or network protocol information. For example, XML parsers may intern names of tags and attributes to save memory.
The std::string class is the standard representation for a text string since C++98. The class provides some typical string operations like comparison, concatenation, find and replace, and a function for obtaining substrings. An std::string can be constructed from a C-style string, and a C-style string can also be obtained from one. [7]
A long double (eight bytes with Visual C++, sixteen bytes with GCC) will be 8-byte aligned with Visual C++ and 16-byte aligned with GCC. Any pointer (eight bytes) will be 8-byte aligned. Some data types are dependent on the implementation. Here is a structure with members of various types, totaling 8 bytes before compilation:
UTF-8 shares these advantages, but many earlier multi-byte encoding schemes (such as Shift JIS and other Asian multi-byte encodings) did not allow unambiguous searching and could only be synchronized by re-parsing from the start of the string. UTF-16 is not self-synchronizing if one byte is lost or if traversal starts at a random byte.