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Concurrent and parallel programming languages involve multiple timelines. Such languages provide synchronization constructs whose behavior is defined by a parallel execution model. A concurrent programming language is defined as one which uses the concept of simultaneously executing processes or threads of execution as a means of structuring a ...
Rule-based programming – a network of rules of thumb that comprise a knowledge base and can be used for expert systems and problem deduction & resolution; Visual programming – manipulating program elements graphically rather than by specifying them textually (e.g. Simulink); also termed diagrammatic programming [1]
It is also supported by the Java concurrency framework, [7] the Task Parallel Library for .NET, [8] and Intel's Threading Building Blocks (TBB). [1] The Cilk programming language has language-level support for fork and join, in the form of the spawn and sync keywords, [4] or cilk_spawn and cilk_sync in Cilk Plus. [1]
Many concurrent programming languages have been developed more as research languages (e.g. Pict) rather than as languages for production use. However, languages such as Erlang, Limbo, and occam have seen industrial use at various times in the last 20 years. A non-exhaustive list of languages which use or provide concurrent programming facilities:
The fork–join model from the 1960s, embodied by multiprocessing tools like OpenMP, is an early example of a system ensuring all threads have completed before exit.. However, Smith argues that this model is not true structured concurrency as the programming language is unaware of the joining behavior, and is thus unable to enforce
Kotlin, however kotlin.native.concurrent.Future is only usually used when writing Kotlin that is intended to run natively [35] Nim; Oxygene; Oz version 3 [36] Python concurrent.futures, since 3.2, [37] as proposed by the PEP 3148, and Python 3.5 added async and await [38] R (promises for lazy evaluation, still single threaded) Racket [39] Raku [40]
Since 7 October 2024, Python 3.13 is the latest stable release, and it and, for few more months, 3.12 are the only releases with active support including for bug fixes (as opposed to just for security) and Python 3.9, [55] is the oldest supported version of Python (albeit in the 'security support' phase), due to Python 3.8 reaching end-of-life.
In computer science, communicating sequential processes (CSP) is a formal language for describing patterns of interaction in concurrent systems. [1] It is a member of the family of mathematical theories of concurrency known as process algebras, or process calculi, based on message passing via channels.