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  2. Planck units - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planck_units

    The Planck temperature T P is 1.416 784 (16) ... Normalizes the characteristic impedance Z g of gravitational radiation in free space to 1 (normally expressed as ...

  3. Planck's law - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planck's_law

    According to Planck's distribution law, the spectral energy density (energy per unit volume per unit frequency) at given temperature is given by: [4] [5] (,) = ⁡ alternatively, the law can be expressed for the spectral radiance of a body for frequency ν at absolute temperature T given as: [6] [7] [8] (,) = ⁡ where k B is the Boltzmann ...

  4. Hagedorn temperature - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagedorn_temperature

    The Hagedorn temperature was discovered by German physicist Rolf Hagedorn in the 1960s while working at CERN. His work on the statistical bootstrap model of hadron production showed that because increases in energy in a system will cause new particles to be produced, an increase of collision energy will increase the entropy of the system rather than the temperature, and "the temperature ...

  5. Brightness temperature - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brightness_temperature

    For a black body, Planck's law gives: [8] [11] = where (the Intensity or Brightness) is the amount of energy emitted per unit surface area per unit time per unit solid angle and in the frequency range between and +; is the temperature of the black body; is the Planck constant; is frequency; is the speed of light; and is the Boltzmann constant.

  6. Talk:Planck units - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Planck_units

    Planck units has no unit of charge? You can use either = or = to calculate the Pronic unit of charge, also compare with Stoney units and Hartree atomic units and “Natural units (particle and atomic physics)” and “Quantum chromodynamics units”, all these units have the unit of charge, but instead none of them have the unit of temperature, so could you also add the unit of temperature of ...

  7. Einstein coefficients - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein_coefficients

    From Planck's law of black-body radiation at temperature T we have for the spectral radiance (radiance is energy per unit time per unit solid angle per unit projected area, when integrated over an appropriate spectral interval) [26] at frequency ν (,) = /, where [27] =, where is the speed of light and is the Planck constant.

  8. Rotational temperature - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotational_temperature

    The physical meaning of θ R is as an estimate of the temperature at which thermal energy (of the order of k B T) is comparable to the spacing between rotational energy levels (of the order of hcB). At about this temperature the population of excited rotational levels becomes important. Some typical values are given in the table.

  9. Schwarzschild's equation for radiative transfer - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarzschild's_equation...

    B λ (T) is the Planck function for temperature T and wavelength λ (units: power/area/solid angle/wavelength - e.g. watts/cm 2 /sr/cm) I λ is the spectral intensity of the radiation entering the increment ds with the same units as B λ (T) This equation and various equivalent expressions are known as Schwarzschild's equation.