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Carotid stenosis can have no symptoms, or have symptoms such as transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) or strokes. While historically endarterectomy has been the treatment for carotid stenosis , stenting is an alternative intervention for patients who are not candidates for surgery.
Where VBI is causing reproducible symptoms due to stenosis, lifestyle modification to avoid provoking factors (e.g. dehydration, standing rapidly from sitting or lying) may reduce symptoms. Open surgical repair or stenting can be performed to re-open stenosed vertebral arteries, and intracranial stents have also been successfully used. [9]
Cerebral atherosclerosis is a type of atherosclerosis where build-up of plaque in the blood vessels of the brain occurs. Some of the main components of the plaques are connective tissue, extracellular matrix, including collagen, proteoglycans, fibronectin, and elastic fibers; crystalline cholesterol, cholesteryl esters, and phospholipids; cells such as monocyte derived macrophages, T ...
Clinical guidelines (such as those of the American Heart Association (AHA) [28] and National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) [29]) recommend that all patients with carotid stenosis be given medications to control their vascular risk factors, usually blood pressure lowering medications (if they have hypertension), diabetes medication ...
Cerebral infarction, also known as an ischemic stroke, is the pathologic process that results in an area of necrotic tissue in the brain (cerebral infarct). [1] In mid to high income countries, a stroke is the main reason for disability among people and the 2nd cause of death. [2]
Intracranial aneurysms are a leading cause of subarachnoid hemorrhage, or bleeding around the brain within the subarachnoid space. There are various hereditary disorders associated with intracranial aneurysms, such as Ehlers-Danlos syndrome , autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease , and familial hyperaldosteronism type I. [ 27 ] [ 28 ...
Current guidelines recommend antiplatelet therapy for patients with non-cardioembolic ischemic stroke. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] However, it is widely believed that there is a substantial overlap between ESUS and cardioembolic stroke, clinical trials have assessed the benefit of anticoagulation versus antiplatelet agents for preventing recurrent stroke.
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), previously known as pseudotumor cerebri and benign intracranial hypertension, is a condition characterized by increased intracranial pressure (pressure around the brain) without a detectable cause. [2] The main symptoms are headache, vision problems, ringing in the ears, and shoulder pain.