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Therefore, their mechanical properties are very important. Mechanical properties of some biomaterials and bone are summarized in Table 1. [2] Among them, hydroxyapatite is most widely studied bioactive and biocompatible material. However, it has lower Young's modulus and fracture toughness with a brittle nature. Hence, it is required to produce ...
Viscoelasticity of bone can arise from multiple factors related to structures on multiple length scales. [1] Bone is a composite of the bio-polymer collagen and the bio-ceramic hydroxyapatite. Additionally the collagen is plied in various directions around the bone. Bone has two structural forms; cortical and cancellous. [2]
Cancellous bone or spongy bone, [12] [11] also known as trabecular bone, is the internal tissue of the skeletal bone and is an open cell porous network that follows the material properties of biofoams. [13] [14] Cancellous bone has a higher surface-area-to-volume ratio than cortical bone and it is less dense. This makes it weaker and more flexible.
This directionally in human bone contrasts with the more random orientation in bovine bone and lends to longitudinal bone toughness in humans. [ 10 ] As with the other mechanisms of crack-shielding, the resistance curve (R-curve) can be used to study the resistance of cortical bone ( trabecular bone is removed before experiments) to fracture.
Bone tissue is removed by osteoclasts, and then new bone tissue is formed by osteoblasts. Both processes utilize cytokine (TGF-β, IGF) signalling.In osteology, bone remodeling or bone metabolism is a lifelong process where mature bone tissue is removed from the skeleton (a process called bone resorption) and new bone tissue is formed (a process called ossification or new bone formation).
Bone is a rigid organ that constitutes part of the vertebral skeleton. Bones support and protect the various organs of the body, produce red and white blood cells, store minerals and also enable mobility. Bone tissue is a type of dense connective tissue. Bones come in a variety of shapes and sizes and have a complex internal and external structure.
Up to 50% by volume and 70% by weight of human bone is a modified form of hydroxyapatite, known as bone mineral. [7] Carbonated calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite is the main mineral of which dental enamel and dentin are composed.
In fact, bone is a mineralized collagen matrix; if the mineral is dissolved out of bone, it becomes rubbery. Healing bone callus on average is sufficiently mineralized to show up on X-ray within 6 weeks in adults and less in children. This initial "woven" bone does not have the strong mechanical properties of mature bone.