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Crucifixion is a method of capital punishment in which the condemned is tied or nailed to a large wooden cross, beam or stake and left to hang until eventual death. [1] [2] It was used as a punishment by the Persians, Carthaginians, and Romans, [1] among others. Crucifixion has been used in some countries as recently as the 21st century. [3]
John Bodel calculates an annual death rate of 30,000 among a population of about 750,000 in the city of Rome, not counting victims of plague and pandemic. [10] At birth, Romans of all classes had an approximate life expectancy of 20–30 years: men and women of citizen class who reached maturity could expect to live until their late 50's or much longer, barring illness, disease and accident. [11]
Justus Lipsius: Crux decussata, a form of cross for which there is no evidence of its use by ancient Romans: the earliest account of its supposed use for Andrew the Apostle is of the twelfth century. [5] Some scholars think the distinction between crux commissa and crux immissa within the crux compacta category is unnecessary.
The crucifixion of Jesus is one of the most illustrated events in human history.. For centuries, artists have reimagined it as a form of remembrance and as a means to convey the story of brutality ...
Pilate handed Jesus over to them for crucifixion. Jesus abducted for crucifixion: Matthew 27:27–31. Roman soldiers took Jesus into the praetorium. Soldiers undressed Jesus and put a scarlet robe, a crown of thorns and a staff on him. Soldiers knelt in front of Jesus and mocked him saying: 'Hail, king of the Jews!'
Modern Roman Catholic churches and many Lutheran churches often have a crucifix above the altar on the wall; [10] for the celebration of Mass, the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church requires that "on or close to the altar there is to be a cross with a figure of Christ crucified". [11]
The field of etymology is of no help in any effort to trace a supposed original meaning of crux. [ 5 ] Seneca the Younger (c. 4 BC – AD 65) records the use in the first century AD of the crux simplex ad infixionem (impalement), but does not mention the crux simplex ad affixionem ; he seems to indicate that execution on a crux tended to follow ...
Triclavianism is the belief that three nails were used to crucify Jesus Christ.The exact number of the Holy Nails has been a matter of speculation for centuries. [1] Three nails are sometimes depicted as a symbolic reference to the Holy Trinity.