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In mathematics, and specifically in number theory, a divisor function is an arithmetic function related to the divisors of an integer. When referred to as the divisor function, it counts the number of divisors of an integer (including 1 and the number itself).
The Euclidean algorithm is based on the principle that the greatest common divisor of two numbers does not change if the larger number is replaced by its difference with the smaller number. For example, 21 is the GCD of 252 and 105 (as 252 = 21 × 12 and 105 = 21 × 5), and the same number 21 is also the GCD of 105 and 252 − 105 = 147. Since ...
A number is said to be perfect if it equals the sum of its proper divisors, deficient if the sum of its proper divisors is less than , and abundant if this sum exceeds . The total number of positive divisors of is a multiplicative function (), meaning that when two numbers and are relatively prime, then () = ().
In mathematics, the amicable numbers are two different natural numbers related in such a way that the sum of the proper divisors of each is equal to the other number. That is, s ( a )= b and s ( b )= a , where s ( n )=σ( n )- n is equal to the sum of positive divisors of n except n itself (see also divisor function ).
Long division is the standard algorithm used for pen-and-paper division of multi-digit numbers expressed in decimal notation. It shifts gradually from the left to the right end of the dividend, subtracting the largest possible multiple of the divisor (at the digit level) at each stage; the multiples then become the digits of the quotient, and the final difference is then the remainder.
An example of an arithmetic function is the divisor function whose value at a positive integer n is equal to the number of divisors of n. Arithmetic functions are often extremely irregular (see table ), but some of them have series expansions in terms of Ramanujan's sum .
The number of unitary divisors of a number n is 2 k, where k is the number of distinct prime factors of n. This is because each integer N > 1 is the product of positive powers p r p of distinct prime numbers p. Thus every unitary divisor of N is the product, over a given subset S of the prime divisors {p} of N, of the prime powers p r p for p ...
a composite number has more than just 1 and itself as divisors; that is, d(n) > 2; a highly composite number has a number of positive divisors that is greater than any lesser number; that is, d(n) > d(m) for every positive integer m < n. Counterintuitively, the first two highly composite numbers are not composite numbers.