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Women with PROM at any age are at high risk of infection because the membranes are open and allow bacteria to enter. Women are checked often (usually every 4 hours) for signs of infection: fever (more than 38 °C or 100.5 °F), uterine pain, maternal tachycardia, fetal tachycardia, or foul-smelling amniotic fluid. [10]
This is quite common during the third trimester of pregnancy when the uterus compresses the vein in the right side position. Iatrogenic causes may be suspected in patients with a medical history of liver transplantion, vascular catheters, dialysis and other invasive procedures in the vicinity; Budd-Chiari syndrome
Cardiac output increases throughout early pregnancy, and peaks in the third trimester, usually to 30-50% above baseline. [6] Estrogen mediates this rise in cardiac output by increasing the pre-load and stroke volume, mainly via a higher overall blood volume (which increases by 40–50%). [22]
Physical examination may reveal jugular venous distention, displaced apical impulse, a third heart sound, murmur consistent with mitral regurgitation, tachypnea, tachycardia, pulmonary rales, and peripheral edema. [7] [11] Diagnosis may be delayed or dismissed as early symptoms may be interpreted as being typical of normal pregnancy.
Increased infectious susceptibility in pregnancy may increase the likelihood of influenza complications such as pneumonia, particularly in the third trimester. [1] In addition, the fever, tachycardia and hypoxemia caused by influenza may be harmful to the developing fetus. [1]
Cardiotocography (CTG) is a technique used to monitor the fetal heartbeat and uterine contractions during pregnancy and labour. The machine used to perform the monitoring is called a cardiotocograph .
Fetal distress, also known as non-reassuring fetal status, is a condition during pregnancy or labor in which the fetus shows signs of inadequate oxygenation. [1] Due to its imprecision, the term "fetal distress" has fallen out of use in American obstetrics. [2] [1] [3] The term "non-reassuring fetal status" has largely replaced it. [4]
Placental abruption defined as the separation of the placenta from the uterus prior to delivery, is a major cause of third trimester vaginal bleeding and complicates about 1% of pregnancies. [13] [50] Symptomatic presentations are variable: Some women can entirely ignore the symptoms, while others have mild bleeding or abdominal discomfort and ...