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  2. Exponentiation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponentiation

    The definition of e x as the exponential function allows defining b x for every positive real numbers b, in terms of exponential and logarithm function. Specifically, the fact that the natural logarithm ln(x) is the inverse of the exponential function e x means that one has = ⁡ (⁡) = ⁡ for every b > 0.

  3. Exponential function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_function

    Exponential functions with bases 2 and 1/2. In mathematics, the exponential function is the unique real function which maps zero to one and has a derivative equal to its value. . The exponential of a variable ⁠ ⁠ is denoted ⁠ ⁡ ⁠ or ⁠ ⁠, with the two notations used interchangeab

  4. Exponentiation by squaring - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponentiation_by_squaring

    Power(x, −n) = Power(x −1, n), Power(x, −n) = (Power(x, n)) −1. The approach also works in non-commutative semigroups and is often used to compute powers of matrices. More generally, the approach works with positive integer exponents in every magma for which the binary operation is power associative.

  5. Matrix exponential - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_exponential

    It is used to solve systems of linear differential equations. In the theory of Lie groups, the matrix exponential gives the exponential map between a matrix Lie algebra and the corresponding Lie group. Let X be an n×n real or complex matrix. The exponential of X, denoted by e X or exp(X), is the n×n matrix given by the power series = =!

  6. List of integrals of exponential functions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_integrals_of...

    The last expression is the logarithmic mean. = (⁡ >) = (>) (the Gaussian integral) = (>) = (, >) (+) = (>)(+ +) = (>)= (>) (see Integral of a Gaussian function

  7. Modular exponentiation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_exponentiation

    Inputs An integer b (base), integer e (exponent), and a positive integer m (modulus) Outputs The modular exponent c where c = b e mod m. Initialise c = 1 and loop variable e′ = 0; While e′ < e do Increment e′ by 1; Calculate c = (b ⋅ c) mod m; Output c; Note that at the end of every iteration through the loop, the equation c ≡ b e ...

  8. Proof of Fermat's Last Theorem for specific exponents

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof_of_Fermat's_Last...

    Consider any primitive solution (x, y, z) to the equation x n + y n = z n. The terms in (x, y, z) cannot all be even, for then they would not be coprime; they could all be divided by two. If x n and y n are both even, z n would be even, so at least one of x n and y n are odd. The remaining addend is either even or odd; thus, the parities of the ...

  9. Base (exponentiation) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_(exponentiation)

    The number n is called the exponent and the expression is known formally as exponentiation of b by n or the exponential of n with base b. It is more commonly expressed as "the nth power of b", "b to the nth power" or "b to the power n". For example, the fourth power of 10 is 10,000 because 10 4 = 10 × 10 × 10 × 10 = 10,000.