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The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) can be used to represent sound correspondences among various accents and dialects of the English language. These charts give a diaphoneme for each sound, followed by its realization in different dialects. The symbols for the diaphonemes are given in bold, followed by their most common phonetic values.
English accents can differ enough to create room for misunderstandings. For example, the pronunciation of "pearl" in some variants of Scottish English can sound like the entirely unrelated word "petal" to an American. For a summary of the differences between accents, see Sound correspondences between English accents.
Prior the 1981 Gaelic Orthographic Convention (GOC), Scottish Gaelic traditionally used acute accents on a, e, o to denote close-mid long vowels, clearly graphemically distinguishing è /ɛː/ and é /eː/, and ò /ɔː/ and ó /oː/. However, since the 1981 GOC and its 2005 and 2009 revisions, standard orthography only uses the grave accent.
The Glasgow dialect, also called Glaswegian, varies from Scottish English at one end of a bipolar linguistic continuum to the local dialect of West Central Scots at the other. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Therefore, the speech of many Glaswegians can draw on a "continuum between fully localised and fully standardised". [ 3 ]
A distinctive characteristic of Gaelic pronunciation (also present in Scots and Scottish English dialects (cf. girl [ɡɪɾəl] and film [fɪləm]) is the insertion of epenthetic vowels between certain adjacent consonants. This affects orthographic l n r when followed by orthographic b bh ch g gh m mh; and orthographic m followed by l r s ch.
Highland English (Scots: Hieland Inglis, Scottish Gaelic: Beurla na Gaidhealtachd) [1] is the variety of Scottish English spoken by many in Gaelic-speaking areas and the Hebrides. [2] It is more strongly influenced by Gaelic than are other forms of Scottish English.