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Canadian federal income taxes, both personal and corporate income taxes, are levied under the provisions of the Income Tax Act. [2] Provincial and territorial income taxes are levied under various provincial statutes. The Canadian income tax system is a self-assessment regime. Taxpayers assess their tax liability by filing a return with the CRA ...
Quebec is the only province that collects provincial personal income taxes by their agency. Thus, Quebec residents file tax returns with both the Ministère du Revenu du Québec and the Canada Revenue Agency. Alberta and Quebec collect their own corporate income tax. Filing deadlines generally match those of the federal government.
Quebec's high provincial taxes account for its budget surplus, although without equalization Quebec would have had a deficit. [28] Quebec residents pay the highest provincial tax in the country but the lowest federal tax. [41] Quebec residents pay 16.5% less federal income tax annually than other Canadian provinces due to the Quebec Abatement. [42]
The historical Alberta Tax Advantage was based on its "three main pillars"—lower "personal income taxes, corporate income taxes, and sales taxes." [2] According to the Fraser Institute, in "2014, Alberta had the lowest top combined federal-provincial/state tax rate out of 60 Canadian provinces and American states." [2]
The CRA is responsible for collecting several taxes on behalf of the federal government, and most provincial and territorial governments (except Quebec), including personal income taxes, [43] corporate taxes, sales taxes, fuel charges, and certain excise taxes as defined under the Excise Tax Act. [44]
provincial personal income taxes on behalf of all provinces except Quebec, through a system of unified tax returns. corporate taxes on behalf of all provinces except Quebec and Alberta. that portion of the Harmonized Sales Tax that is in excess of the federal Goods and Services Tax (GST) rate, with respect to the provinces that have implemented it.
Every province except Alberta has implemented either a provincial sales tax or the Harmonized Sales Tax. The federal GST rate is 5 percent, effective January 1, 2008. The territories of Yukon, Northwest Territories, and Nunavut have no territorial sales taxes, so only the GST is collected.
In 2020, when Alberta made a deep and rapid corporate tax rate cut, from 12%, which is the average provincial corporate tax rate, to 8%, University of Toronto economist, Michael Smart, cautioned that this could result in "Ontario-based companies booking profits in Alberta to pay lower tax rates—shades of the "Québec shuffle" that occurred in ...